tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78699708632696192032024-03-13T04:48:08.352-07:00ilmu hukumfredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.comBlogger17125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-77279892280225607252012-10-14T04:13:00.001-07:002012-10-14T04:13:41.227-07:00Sejarah Komputer Dan Perkembangannya<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sejarah Komputer Dan Perkembangannya</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sejak dahulu , proses pengolahan data telah di lakukan oleh manusia . Komputer yang kiata temui saat ini adalah suatu evolusi panjang dari penemuan manusia sejak dahulu yang berupa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>alat mekanik maupun elektronik .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komputer yang ada sekarang memiliki kemampuan yang lebih dari sekedar perhitungan matematik biasa . Diantaranya adalah sistem komputer dikassa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>supermarket yang mampu membaca kode barang belanja , sentral telpon yang menangani jutaan panggilan dan komunikasi, jaringan komputer dan internet yang menghubungkan berbagai tempat di dunia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam video <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bill Nye</i></b>, menceritakan tentang prinsip kerja komputer . <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bill Nye</i></b> adalah seorang ilmuan yang mempelajari tentang komputer. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bill Nye</i></b> menyebutkan ilmu adalah pengetahuan, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Inersia </b>adalah bilangan dari zat 2 buah tombol yang berfungsi untuk menyalakan atau mematikan, seperti pintu yang terbuka dan tertutup. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada sebuah komputer tombol-tombol berfungsi untuk memeindahkan dan menyimpan informasi. Setiap tombol yang terdapat pada komputer mempunyai fungsi masing-masing. Semakin banyak tombol maka semakin banyak pula informasi di dalamnya. Tombol-tombol tersebut berbentuk elektronik yang tidak dapat terlihat oleh mata tetapi bekerja dengan sangat baik. Sebelum komputer di temukan kita telah mengetahui mesin penghitung yang di sebut dengan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ABACUS</b>. Namun pada abacus perhitungan yang di lakukannya terbatas namun tidak dengan halnya komputer, komputer bisa melakukan perhitungan hingga miliyaran yang di sebut dengan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Biner </b>yang berarti 2 setiap nol dan satu disebut bit. Jadi komputer menghitung dengan bit biner. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Di dalam komputer terdapat juga software. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Software</b> adalah sekumpulan data elektronik yang di simpan dan di atur oleh komputer, data elektronnik yang di simpan oleh komputer itu dapat berupa program atau instruksi yang akan menjalankan suatu perintah. Melalui software atau perangkat lunak inilah suatu komputer dapat menjalankan suatu perintah. Software juga bisa mengubah inforamsi dari suatu bentuk ke bentuk lain. Selain software ada pula <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CD</b> yang berguna untuk menyimpan data.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komputer banyak menyimpan informasi. Banyak komputer yang kita gunakan di set seperti buku. Mereka memiliki bagian memory yang disebut <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">RAM</b>. RAM singkatan dari Random Akses Memory. Kita menyebutnya random atau acak karena kita dapat kebagian manapun pada memory tanpa harus mulai dari tempat yang sama. RAM juga bisa di artikan sebagai buku yang terbuka diatas meja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cara komputer mencari informasi yaitu dengan cara komputer mencari penanda dan hanya menarik keluar informasi yang di butuhkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Layar komputer memiliki pembatas. Di layar pembatas baik titiknya menyala atau mati, komputer membuat gambar dengan cara yang sama dengan mematikan titik-titik berwarna dan menyalakan pembatas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sebuah komputer dapat menjadi sesuatu yang sangat kuat tetapi sekumpulan komputer yang saling terhubung dapat menjadi lebih berguna dan kuat. Di dalam komputer juga terdapat jaringan, jaringan berbentuk seperti jaring dan komputer seperti knot. Komputer dapat di gunakan untuk mengoperasikan sebuah robot, pesawat bahkan untuk menghitung soal matematika.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-26051843658761168312012-06-10T21:07:00.001-07:002012-06-10T21:07:08.314-07:00Manusia dan Cinta Kasih<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="KATAPENGANTAR">
<span lang="IN">KATA PENGANTAR</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Puji dan
syukur sepantasnya dihaturkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena atas berkat
rahmat dan karunia yang dilimpahkan-Nya, maka penyusun dapat menyelesaikan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">makalah
yang bertemakan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> “</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mannusia
dan Cinta Kasih</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">” ini, meskipun
masih terdapat banyak kekurangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tulisan
ini</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> sebagai sarana untuk membina
kemampuan mahasiswa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dalam latihan membuat karya ilmiah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, sangat berarti bagi penyusun, juga karena dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mata
kuliah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> tersebutlah, sehingga penyusun
dapat berfikir secara kreatif untuk menganalisa berbagai permasalahan mengenai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mannusia
dan cinta kasih</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, serta menyusun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tulisan
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ini. Dalam menyelesaikan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tulisan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ini, penyusun banyak dibantu oleh orang-orang disekitar
penyusun, sehingga penyusun dapat menyelesaikan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tulisan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ini dengan baik. Dengan penuh rasa hormat penyusun
mengahturkan rasa terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah banyak membantu,
diantaranya :</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Prof. Dr. E. S. Margianti, S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, E</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">M,. selaku rektor Universitas Gunadarma</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Prof. Drs. Syahbuddin, MSc., PhD,. selaku </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dekan
Fakultas Teknologi Industri Universitas Gunadarma.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dr.
Rr. Sri Poernomo Sari, ST</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, MT,. selaku </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketua jurusan dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kepala Laboratotium Teknik Mesin Menengah Universitas Gunadarma,</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>IDI DARMA, SPd., MM<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. selaku dosen mata kuliah ilmu budaya
dasar,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kedua
orang tua yang telah memberikan bantuan moril maupun materiil, dan</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teman-teman
mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Mesin Universitas Gunadarma, khususnya angkatan 20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada akhirnya penyusun menyadari, bahwa dalam menyusun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tulisan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ini masih banyak kekurangan dan jauh dari sempurna,
karena segala kesempurnaan hanyalah milik Tuhan Yang Maha Esa sedangkan
kekurangan adalah milik kita sebagai makhlukNya. Untuk itu, kekurangan yang ada
akan menjadi sebuah pelajaran bagi penyusun, dan penyusun mengharapkan koreksi,
berupa kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun dari pembaca, terutama
pengoreksi, untuk perbaikan di masa yang akan datang.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mudah-mudahan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">makalah yang bertemakan
manusia dan cinta kasih </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">yang
telah penyusun sajikan ini dapat sangat bermanfaat, khususnya bagi penyusun
sendiri dan umumnya bagi para pembaca serta mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Mesin.
Karena pada akhirnya, kelak suatu kegiatan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pembuatan
tulisan/makalah seperti ini</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
menjadi salah satu tonggak pembentukan kreatifitas mahasiswa. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Depok, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11 juni</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 2012</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penyusun</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
1</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Latar Belakang</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manusia adalah
mahkluk tuhan yang paling sempurna di mana diciptakan Allah SWT dengan akal
pikiran yang sehat. Saat kita menginjak masa remaja mungkin, saat itulah kita
mulai tertarik pada lawan jenis kita. Mulai dari rasa bahagia, senang,sedih,
bahkan kecewa selalu menjadi warna warni suatu perasaan cinta. Menurut beberapa
orang cinta merupakan segalanya dimana kita harus memperjuangkan dan mengejar
hingga titik darah penghabisan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dijaman
Yang semakin modern ini banyak orang yang telah salah pengertian tentang cinta.
Dimana cinta merupakan suatu hidup kedua bagi mereka dan apapun mereka lakukan
hanya untuk cinta. Diantara mereka pun banyak yang rela bunuh diri akibat putus
cinta dengan pasangannya bahkan ada pula yang rela melakukan apa saja, misalnya
dengan cara memberikan harta, keperawanan, serta dll hanya karena atas dasar
cinta terhadap pasangannya. Dan tentu saja hal ini dapat merugikan salah satu
pihak yang amat sangat mencintai seseorang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
makalah ini akan dibahas pengertian cinta yang sesungguhnya serta implikasinya
dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, agar para pembaca tidak lagi salah pengertian
tentang cinta.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumusan Masalah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apakah
pengertian cinta ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apakah perbedaan
cinta dan kasih sayang?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apakah manfaat
dari rasa saling mencintai?</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
memenuhi tugas mata kuliah ilmu social dan Budaya dasar Tingkat I Semester II</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
mengetahui arti dari cinta yang sesungguhnya serta manfaatnya bagi kehidupan
sehari-hari agar kita tidak salah mengimplikasikan bentuk cinta
tersebut.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
II</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 19.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISI</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian manusia</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manusia adalah makhluk sempurna yang
diciptakan oleh Allah swt.kesempurnaan yang dimiliki oleh manusia merupakan
suatu konsekuensi fungsi dan tugas mereka sebagai kalifa dibumi.manusia
diciptakan oleh Allah dari tanah. Beberapa pengertian manusia:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.manusia
adalah makluk utama yaitu diantara semua makhluk natural dan supra natural
manusia memiliki jiwa bebas dan hakikat yg mulia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.manusia
adalah kemauan bebas</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.manusia
adalah makhluk yang sadar diri</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.manusia
adalah makhluk kreatif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.manusia
adalah makhluk idealis,pemuja ideal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.manusia
adalah makhluk moral</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.manusia
adalah makhluk utama dalam dunia</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian cinta kasih</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut terminologi(bahasa),cinta kasih adalah kata
majemuk yang merupakan ungkapan tetap yg berupa perpaduan kata cinta dan kasih.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cinta
kasih dapat diuraikan menjadi dua kata yaitu cinta dan kasih.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cinta diartikan sebagai rasa rindu,ingin,sangat suka,sangat
sayang,sangat kasih,dan tertarik hatinya.sedangkan kasih diartikan sebagai
perasaan sayang,cinta,dan suka kepada.dengan demikian cinta kasih dapat
diartikan sebagai perasaan suka(sayang) kepada seseorang yang disertai dengan
rasa belas kasih.ingat bahwa cinta dan kasih itu berbeda.kalau cinta lebih
mengandung pengertian tentang rasa yag mendalam sedangkan kasih merupakan
pengungkapan untuk mengeluarkan rasa,mengarah kepada yang dicintai.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut
adalah beberapa pengertian atau definisi mengenai cinta:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Dr.Salito
W.Sarwono,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cinta adalah suatu perasaan dikatakan cinta jika
memiliki tiga unsur yaitu keterkaitan, keintiman, dan kemesraan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Menurut
R.M.Rilke,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cinta merupakan dorongan luhur bagi seseorang untuk
menuju kematangan,untuk menjadi sesuatu dalam dirinya sendiri maupun orang
lain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Menurut
Dr.Abdullah Nasih Ulman,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cinta adalah perasaan jiwa dan gejolak hati yang
mendorong seseorang untuk mencintai kekasihnya dengan penuh kasihsayang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Didalam
kitab suci Alqur’an,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cinta memiliki tiga tingkatan yaitu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.cinta
tingkat tinggi yaitu cinta kepada Allah,Rasulullah,dan berjihad dijalan Allah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.cinta
tingkat menengah yaitu cinta kepada orangtua,anak, saudara,istri,suami dan
kerabat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.cinta
tingkat rendah yaitu cinta yang lebih mengutamakan cinta
keluarga,kerabat,harta,dan tempattinggal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Dalam
peradaban yunani cinta dibagi menjadi tiga macam yaitu,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.cinta
egape</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.cinta
philia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.cinta
amos</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis-jenis cinta kasih</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: .75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cinta kasih tidak hanya sekedar cinta belaka, akan
tetapi cinta kasih itu timbul dari lubuk hati manusia yang sifatnya kekal dan
tak akan pernah berubah. Dengan cinta kasih ini, manusia akan selalu berbahagia
dan menderita di dalam hidupnya. Cinta sebagai keperluan fundemantal memang
tidak mudah diterangkan atau didefenisikan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengacu pada perspektif sekarang, yaitu dalam
hubungan cinta kasih yang timbul antara dua jenis manusia yang berbeda kelamin
dapat dibedakan dalam empat macam pertumbuhan cinta, yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Cinta
kasih karena kebiasaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Cinta
kasih karena penglihatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Cinta
kasih karena kepercayaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Cinta
kasih karena angan-angan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat adanya perasaan cinta kasih antar sesama</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menumbuhkan
rasa saling menyayangi terhadap sesama</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mewujudkan
kedamaiian dan ketentraman lingkungan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberikan
rasa bahagia dan nyaman dalam keluarga</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat
menguatkan talisilaturahmi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberikan
efek sehat terhadap tubuh akibat :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lebih
bahagia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekebalan
tubuh jadi lebih baik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghilangkan
sakit dan nyeri</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meningkatkan
konsentrasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Terhindar dari stres<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">III</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: .75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan definisi-definisi tentang manusia diatas
dapat ditarik sebuah kesimpulan mengenai definisi manusia,manusia adalah
makhluk hidup yang diciptakan oleh tuhan(Allah SWT) yang melalui proses dengan
dilengkapi oleh akal pikiran yg membedakanya dengan makhluk lain yang
ditugaskan sebagai kalifa dibumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cinta merupakan dorongan luhur bagi seseorang untuk
menuju kematangan,untuk menjadi sesuatu dalam dirinya sendiri maupun orang
lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: .75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Cinta sebagai keperluan fundemantal memang tidak
mudah diterangkan atau didefenisikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: .75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hubungan cinta kasih yang timbul antara dua jenis
manusia yang berbeda kelamin dapat dibedakan dalam empat macam pertumbuhan
cinta, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Cinta
kasih karena kebiasaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Cinta
kasih karena penglihatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Cinta
kasih karena kepercayaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Cinta
kasih karena angan-angan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat
adanya perasaan cinta kasih antar sesama :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menumbuhkan
rasa saling menyayangi terhadap sesama</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mewujudkan
kedamaiian dan ketentraman lingkungan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberikan
rasa bahagia dan nyaman dalam keluarga</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat
menguatkan talisilaturahmi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberikan
efek sehat terhadap tubuh</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.www.google.com</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.www.wikipedia.com</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. </span><a href="http://sobatbaru.blogspot.com/2008/05/pengertian-cinta-dan-kasih.html%3C/em%3E%3C/a%3E%3C/p%3E%3Cp%3E%E2%80%9D%20title=%E2%80%9Dhttp:/sobatbaru.blogspot.com/2008/05/pengertian-cinta-dan-kasih.html%3C/em%3E%3C/a%3E%3C/p%3E%3Cp%3E%E2%80%9D%20target=%E2%80%9D_blank%E2%80%9D%3Ehttp:/sobatbaru.blogspot.com/2008/05/pe%E2%80%A6%3C/a%3E%3C/p%3E%3Cp%20style="><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kamus umum bahasa Indonesia
karya W.J.S. Poerwadarminta</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.5pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. </span><a href="http://baguspemudaindonesia.blogdetik.com/2011/03/01/manusia-cinta-kasih/%5C"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://ratrismart.blogspot.com/2010/04/pengertian-cinta-kasih.html</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-68850521978659361152012-06-08T03:54:00.003-07:002012-06-08T03:54:52.997-07:00Kekerasan Dalam Berpacaran<br />
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<b><span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KEKERASAN DALAM
PACARAN (KDP)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KEKERASAN DALAM PACARAN (KDP)</span></b><span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
Kekerasan
dalam pacaran? Yang bener aja! Dimana mana yang namanya pacaran khan buat
seneng seneng, isinya cinta cintaan, rayu rayuan, saling menunjukkan perhatian,
memberi support, dll, emang ada pacaran isinya tonjok tonjokan? Hmmm....kalo
kamu berpikiran begitu, berarti kamu ketinggalan jaman! Sekarang semakin banyak
kasus muncul yang berkaitan dengan tindak kekerasan dalam pacaran. Jadi yang
namanya pacar, yang mestinya mencintai kita, melindungi dan sebagainya, malah
sering merongrong kita, melakukan kekerasan baik fisik maupun mental, dan malah
membuat kita menderita. Siapa sih yang biasa jadi korban beginian? Jangan bosen
ya dengan jawaban : perempuan. Lagi lagi perempuan yang jadi korban kekerasan.
Tentu saja laki laki juga bisa jadi korban kekerasan dalam pacaran ini, cuman
"untungnya" jumlahnya sedikit. Alasannya, ya sekali lagi karena laki
laki menganggap perempuan lemah, dan penurut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebenarnya apa sih yang dimaksud kekerasan
dalam pacaran?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perilaku atau tindakan seseorang dapat
digolongkan sebagai tindak kekerasan dalam percintaan/ pacaran apabila salah
satu pihak merasa terpaksa, tersinggung dan disakiti dengan apa yang telah
dilakukan oleh pasangannya baik dalam hubungan suami istri atau pada hubungan
pacaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kadang hal ini banyak juga yang menyangkal,
apa ada kekerasan dalam pacaran? Apapun yang dilakukan orang dalam pacaran itu
khan atas dasar suka sama suka, awalnya saja dari ketertarikan, nggak luculah
kalo sampai muncul kekerasan . Tapi jangan salah, kasus kekerasan dalam pacaran
memang ada dan ini juga bukan lelucon. Memang benar kasus - kasus kekerasan
dalam pacaran ini kurang terexpose, so nggak heran kalo masih banyak yang nggak
percaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Nah biar nggak penasaran kita simak
saja seperti apa sebenarnya makhluk yang bernama kekerasana dalam pacaran ini.
Suatu tindakan dikatakan kekerasan apabila tindakan tersebut sampai melukai
seseorang baik secara fisik maupun psikologis, bila yang melukai adalah pacar
kamu maka ini bisa digolongkan tindak kekerasan dalam pacaran. Tindakan melukai
secara fisik misalnya dengan memukul, bersikap kasar, perkosaan dan lain -
lain, sedangkan melukai secara psikologis misalnya bila pacarmu suka menghina
kamu, selalu menilai kelebihan orang lain tanpa melihat kelebihan kamu, ,
cemburu yang berlebihan dan lain sebagainya. Namun bentuk kekerasan yang paling
sering terjadi adalah kekerasan seksual bisa berupa pelecehan seksual secara
verbal maupun fisik, memaksa melakukan hubungan seks, dlsb.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Menghadapi kekerasan dalam pacaran
seringkali lebih sulit bagi kita, karena anggapan bahwa orang pacaran pasti
didasari perasaan cinta, simpati, sayang dan perasaan perasaan lain yang
positif. Sehingga kalau pacar kita marah marah dan membentak atau menampar
kita, kita pikir karena dia memang lagi capek, lagi kesel, bad mood atau
mungkin karena kesalahan kita sendiri, sehingga dia marah. Hal klasik yang
sering mucul dalam kasus kekerasan dalam pacaran adalah perasaan menyalahkan
diri sendiri dan merasa "pantas" diperlakukan seperti itu. Pikiran
seperti "ah mungkin karena saya memang kurang cantik, sehingga dia
sebel", atau " mungkin karena saya kurang perhatian sama dia" ,
" mungkin karena saya kurang sabar" dan lain lain, sehingga dia jadi
"ketagihan" merendahkan dan melakukan terus kekerasan terhadap
pasangannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor pemicu kekerasan dalam pacaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pengaruh keluarga sangat besar dalam
membentuk kepribadian seseorang. Masalah - masalah emosional yang kurang
diperhatikan oleh orang tua dapat memicu timbulnya permasalahan bagi individu
yang bersangkutan di masa yang akan datang. Misalkan saja sikap kejam dari
orang tua, berbagai macam penolakan dari orang tua terhadap keberadaan anak,
dan juga sikap disiplin yang diajarkan secara berlebihan. Hal - hal semacam ini
akan berpengaruh pada model peran ( role model ) yang dianut oleh anak tersebut
pada masa dewasanya. Bila model peran yang dipelajari sejak kanak - kanak tidak
sesuai dengan model yang normal atau model standart, maka perilaku semacam
kekerasan dalam pacaran inipun akan muncul. Banyak sekali bukti yang
menunjukkan hubungan antara perilaku orangtua dengan kepribadian anak di
kemudian hari. Rata rata pelaku kekerasan dalam rumah tangga pada masa kecilnya
sering mendapat atau melihat perlakukan yang kasar dari orangtuanya, baik pada
dirinya, saudaranya, atau pada ibunya. Walaupun secara logika dia membenci
perilaku ayahnya, akan tetapi secara tidak sadar perilaku itu terinternalisasi
dan muncul pada saat dia menghadapi konflik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Hal lain yang perlu diperhatikan
adalah penerapan disiplin yang berbeda antara ayah dan ibu. Perbedaan yang
terlalu mencolok, misal ayah terlalu keras, sementara ibu terlalu lemah, akan
mempengaruhi nilai - nilai yang dianut, kontrol diri dan perilaku yang akan
ditampilkannya secara konsisten sepanjang hidupnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lingkungan sekolah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Oleh masyarakat , sekolah dipandang
sebagai tempat anak belajar bersosialisasi, dan memperoleh pendidikan dan
ketrampilan untuk dapat hidup dengan baik di masyarakat. Sayangnya yang kurang
disadari adalah kenyataan bahwa di sekolah pulalah individu bersosialisasi dengan
anak - anak lain yang berasal dari latar belakang yang beraneka. Bila seseorang
ini, tidak mampu menyesuaikan diri , maka akan muncul konflik dalam diri. Bila
ia tidak mampu melakukan kontrol diri maka akan cenderung memicu perilaku
agresif diantaranya berbentuk kekerasan dalam pacaran (KDP).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Hal hal yang lain seperti pengaruh
media massa, TV atau Film juga dipandang memiliki sumbangan terhadap munculnya
perilaku agresif terhadap pasangannya. Hal yang khas yang sering muncul dalam
kasus kasus kekerasan dalam pacaran adalah bahwa korban biasanya memang
cenderung lemah, kurang percaya diri, dan sangat mencintai pasangannya. Apalagi
karena sang pacar, setelah melakukan kekerasan (menampar, memukul, nonjok, dll)
biasanya terus menunjukkan sikap menyesal, minta maaf, dan berjanji tidak akan
mengulangi tindakan dia lagi, dan bersikap manis kepada pasangannya. Pada saat
inilah, karena si cewek sangat mencintainya, dan dia berharap sang pacar akan
benar benar insaf, maka dia serta merta memaafkannya, dan hubungan diharapkan
bisa berjalan lancar kembali. Padahal yang namanya kekerasan dalam pacaran ini
seperti sesuatu yang berpola, ada siklusnya. Seseorang yang memang pada
dasarnya punya kebiasaan bersikap kasar pada pasangan, akan ada kecenderungan
untuk mengulanginya lagi, karena hal ini sudah menjadi bagian dari
kepribadiannya, dan merupakan cara dia untuk menghadapi konflik atau masalah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apakah perilaku dia bisa bener bener berubah?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Bisa kalau memang dia mau menjalani
sebuah " terapi" . Terapinya tidak harus dengan psikolog<br />
Atau psikiater, akan tetapi harus dengan kemauan yang tulus untuk merubah
situasi, dan dengan bantuan pasangannya. Hal pertama yang dia harus pahami
benar adalah sebab atau latar belakang dia berperilaku seperti itu. Apakah ada
riwayat hubungan dengan orangtuanya yang buruk, atau hal hal lain yang
berhubungan dengan tidakan kekerasan yang dialaminya pada saat dia kanak kanak?
Riwayat tersebut dgunakan untuk mendasari pemahaman mengapa dia menggunakan
cara menghadapi masalah (coping behavior) seperti itu, sehingga bisa memperkuat
upaya dia untuk berubah. Selanjutnya dia perlu berlatih untuk menghadapi emosi,
mengendalikannya sehingga tidak muncul dalam bentuk yang merusak dan merugikan
diri sendiri dan pasangannya. Ada banyak latihan mengendalikan amarah/emosi,
misalnya dengan Yoga, latihan pernafasan, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Bagaimana kalau dia tidak bisa/tidak
mau berubah?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">YA, kalau dia tidak berubah juga, berarti
keputusan ada pada pasangannya. Apakah mau mengambil resiko dengan terus
berhubungan dengan orang seperti itu, atau segera ambil keputusan untuk
meninggalkan dia dan cari orang lain yang lebih sehat mentalnya dan sayang pada
kita. Kalau pacar kamu tipe cowok beginian, kamu memang harus pikir masak masak
deh, apa memang bener dia pria yang kamu cinta? Karena percayalah tidak ada
satu orang pun di dunia ini yang berhak menyakiti kamu, atau merasa punya
alasan untuk berbuat kasar kepadamu walaupun dia itu pacar kamu yang kamu cintai
setinggi langit. Jadi kalau hal ini menimpa kamu, kamu harus yakin bahwa
hidupmu adalah milik kamu sendiri, dan keputusan untuk tetap menjalin hubungan
sama dia tau tidak, semua tergantung pada dirimu, bukan karena kamu nggak pede,
atau karena kamu dipaksa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #030303; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Nah buat temen temen cowok hati hati
dengan kecenderungan untuk berperilaku kasar, apalagi kalau kalian punya latar
belakang seperti yang dijelaskan di atas. Cepet cepet cari bantuan, atau
lakukan latihan mengendalikan emosi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Refrensi
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://wikipedia.com/">http://wikipedia.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://ceria.bkkbn.go.id/">http://ceria.bkkbn.go.id</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://cai.elearning.gunadarma.ac.id/webbasedmedia/video.php?file_video=kekerasan-pacaran.flv"><span style="background: black; color: #aadd99;">http://cai.elearning.gunadarma.ac.id/webbasedmedia/video.php?file_video=kekerasan-pacaran.flv</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-56954769761032337462012-05-04T19:32:00.002-07:002012-05-04T19:32:38.349-07:00Manusia dan kebudayaanManusia dan kebudayaan<br />Tulisan kali ini saya akan membahas tentang manusia dan kebudayaan tentang hakikat manusia dan tentang kebudayaan-kebudayaan indonesia ataupun kebudayaan bangsa timur.<br />Pada dasarnya hakikat manusia adalah sebagai berikut :<br />• makhluk yang memiliki tenaga dalam yang dapat menggerakkan hidupnya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhannya.<br />• individu yang memiliki sifat rasional yang bertanggung jawab atas tingkah lakuintelektual dan sosial.<br />• mampu mengarahkan dirinya ke tujuan yang positifmampu mengatur dan mengontrol dirinya dan mampu menentukan nasibnya.<br />• makhluk yang dalam proses menjadi berkembang dan terus berkembang tidak pernah selesai ( tuntas ) selama hidupnya.<br />• individu yang dalam hidupnya selalu melibatkan dirinya dalam usaha dunia lebih baik untuk ditempati .<br />• suatu keberadaan yang berpotensi yang perwujudannya merupakan ketakterdugaan dengan potensi yang tak terbatas.<br />• makhluk tuhan yang berarti ia adalah makhluk yang mengandung kemungkinan baik dan jahat.<br />• individu yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan terutama lingkungan sosial, bahkan ia tidak bisa berkembang sesuai dengan martabat kemanusiaannya tanpa hidup di dalam lingkungan sosial.<br />Manusia pada dasarnya adalah makhluk budaya yang harus membudayakan dirinya.Manusia adalah makhluk tuhan yang paling sempurna dibandingkan makhluk lainnya.Manusia hidup tidak bisa sendiri, karena manusia membutuhkan manusia lainnya untuk berinteraksi atau bersosialisasi. contoh,nya bergotong-royong, belajar kelompok, bermain bola. Jikalau manusia hidup dalam kesendirian atau tidak membutuhkan bantuan orang lain, maka manusia akan sulit untuk berinteraksi atau bersosialisasi, Dampak negative lain dari hidup dalam kesendirian yaitu, sulit untuk menuju kesuksesan dan sulit memecahkan masalah.<br />Kebudayaan Bangsa Timur<br />Banyak yang mengatakan bahwa kepribadian bangsa timur sangatlah ramah sangat bersahabat atau toleransi yang tinggi, semua kepribadian tersebut dapat terjadi karena faktor lingkungan yang bersahabat , disini budaya bangsa timur khususnya di Asia tercermin dari sikap dan perilaku individunya, bagaimana cara mereka untuk hidup sehat dan juga yang paling menonjol adalah cara mereka berperilaku.<br />Zaman ini sudah banyak budaya barat yang masuk ke Indonesia, tak banyak pula daripada budaya tersebut mempengaruhi pola pikir kita sehingga budaya bangsa timur lambat laun akan menyusut atau bahkan akan hilang, setidaknya kita sebagai generasi muda pandai – pandai memilih daripada budaya barat yang dianggap menguntungkan untuk diri sendiri maupun orang lain.<br />Demikian halnya jika setiap individu mau akan melestarikan budaya sendiri, agar budaya tersebut tak tergerus oleh zaman modern saat ini.<br /><br /><br />fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-91759486342309993112012-04-23T23:57:00.000-07:002012-04-23T23:57:24.634-07:00Manusia Sebagai Makhluk Berfikir<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Puji dan syukur selalu kita panjatkan kehadiran Allah SWT,
Tuhan semesta sekalian alam yang senantiasa memberikan rahmat dan hidayahnya
kepada seluruh makhluk di muka bumi ini. Untuk itu hanya karena kekuasaan dan
kehendaknya pulalah akhirnya penulis dapat mewujudkan buah pikirannya dalam bentuk
tulisan yang sederhana ini.Tema makalah kali ini yang mengenai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MANUSIA SEBAGAI
MAKHLUK BERFIKIR</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.Tulisan
kali ini juga dapat mengamati perkembangan bangsa Indonesia apakah berpengaruh
besar terhadap kehidupan sehari-hari mereka, sehingga tulisan ini dapat dipakai
sebagai bahan referensi untuk materi yang sama dengan mata kuliah yang
bersangkutan.Selanjutnya penulis menyadari bahwa rasanya sulit untuk dapat
mewujudkan tulisan ini kehadapan para pembaca tanpa bantuan orang lain, untuk
itu izinkanlah penulis menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih kepada Bapak IDI DARMA
SPd., MM sebagai dosen mata kuliah Ilmu Budaya Dasar dan tentunya juga ucapan
terima kasih kepada orang tua yang telah memberikan dukungan serta doanya. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 28.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain itu ucapan terima kasih kepada teman-teman yang
memberikan dukungan dan informasi-informasi mengenai tema tulisan yang saya
ambil kali ini.Untuk itu kepada semua orang yang telah penulis sebutkan diatas
saya ucapkan terima kasih, teriring doa semoga Allah Yang Maha Kaya yang akan
membalas segala budi baik tersebut</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Latar Belakang Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manusia sebagai makhluk yang
berpikir akan dibekali rasa ingin tahu. Rasa ingin tahu inilah yang mendorong
untuk mengenal, memahami, dan menjelaskan gejala-gejala alam, juga berusaha
untuk memecahkan masalah atau persoalan yang dihadapi, serta berusaha untuk
memahami masalah itu sendiri, ini semua menyebabkan manusia mendapatkan
pengetahuan yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengetahuan yang diperoleh mula-mula
terbatas pada hasil pengamatan terhadap gejala alam yang ada, kemudian semakin
bertambahnya dengan pengetahuan yang diperoleh dari hasil pemikirannya, setelah
manusia mampu memadukan kemampuan penalaran dengan eksperimentasi ini, maka
lahirlah ilmu pengetahuan yang mantap atau bagus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jadi, perkembangan alam pikiran
manusia sampai dengan kelahiran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam sebagai ilmu yang mantap,
melalui 4 (empat) tahap yaitu tahap mitos, tahap penalaran deduktif
(rasionalisme) atau tahap pemikiran rasional, tahap penalaran induktif
(empirisme) atau tahap pemikiran empiris, dan akhirnya sampai ke tahap
pengkristalan konsep metode ilmiah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list -4.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -30.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.2</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perumusan Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan uraian pada latar
belakang masalah yang telah dijelaskan di atas, maka penulis dapat menyimpulkan
perumusan beberapa permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini,
yaitu: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apakah rasa
ingin tahu menyebabkan alam pikiran manusia berkembang?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 48.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apakah
melalui mitos, manusia dapat turut serta mengambil bagian dalam
kejadian-kejadian alam sekitarnya?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 48.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apakah dapat
dikatakan bahwa metode ilmiah merupakan penggabungan antara penalaran empirisme
dan penalaran rasionalisme?<a href="" name="more"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 48.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 48.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.3</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan
Penulisan dan Manfaat Penulisan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam penulisan karya ilmiah, tentu
memiliki tujuan penulisan dan manfaat penulisan. Berikut ini merupakan uraian
dari tujuan penulisan dan manfaat penulisan karya ilmiah ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan dari penulisan karya ilmiah ini adalah sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 66.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
memahami perkembangan penalaran manusia terhadap gejala-gejala alam sampai
terwujudnya metode ilmiah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 66.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk dapat
menjelaskan perkembangan alam pikiran manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan terhadap
rasa ingin tahunya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 66.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
memberi alasan yang diterima mitos dalam kehidupan masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manfaat dari penulisan karya ilmiah ini adalah sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 66.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
menjelaskan alasan ketidakpuasan masyarakat tentang metode deduksi dalam
menjelaskan kebenaran atas gejala alam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 66.0pt 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
mengungkapkan dengan kata-kata sendiri tentang mulai tumbuhnya Ilmu Pengetahuan
Alam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 66.0pt 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk
menyebutkan keunggulan dan keterbatasan serta peranan metode ilmiah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 2.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistematika Penulisan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara garis besar penulisan dan
penyusunan Makalah ini, penulis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>membaginya menjadi tiga (III) bab yang masing-masing bab terdiri atas
beberapa sub bab. Maka secara garis besar, perumusan ini dapat dilihat sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 30.0pt 78.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">BAB I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada bab ini akan disajikan tentang latar belakang
masalah,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perumusan masalah, tujuan
penulisan dan manfaat penulisan, dan sistematika penulisan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 30.0pt 78.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BAB
II<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>LANDASAN TEORI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada bab ini akan dikemukakan cakupan perkembangan
pikiran manusia, cakupan mitos, penalaran, dan pengetahuan pangkal kelahiran
ilmu pengetahuan alam, dan cakupan metode ilmiah sebagai ciri ilmu pengetahuan
alam sesuai dengan judul yang dipilih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 30.0pt 78.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>BAB
III<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENUTUP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada bab ini akan dimuat tentang kesimpulan dan
saran-saran dari hasil pembuatan karya ilmiah.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PEMBAHASAN
MASALAH</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.1</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkembangan Pikiran Manusia</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.1.1</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sifat Unik Manusia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dibandingkan dengan makhluk lain,
jasmani manusia adalah lemah, sedangkan rohani, akal budi, dan kemauannya
sangat kuat. Manusia tidak mempunyai tanduk, taji, ataupun sengat, maka untuk
membela diri terhadap serangan dari makhluk lain dan untuk melindungi diri
terhadap pengaruh lingkungan yang merugikan, manusia harus memanfaatkan akal
budinya yang cemerlang. Kemauannya yang keras menyebabkan manusia dapat
mengendalikan jasmaninya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hal ini dapat menimbulkan efek yang
negatif misalnya, manusia dapat mogok makan, dapat minum-minuman keras sampai
mabuk, dan bahkan dapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bunuh diri.
Kalau tubuh mendapat pengaruh yang negatif dari lingkungan, maka timbul reaksi
yang mendorong tubuh supaya melepaskan diri dari lingkungan yang merugikan itu.
Tetapi kemauan keras dapat memaksa tubuh supaya tetap menerima pengaruh yang
negatif itu. Jadi, sifat unik manusia itu adalah akal budi dan kemauannya
menaklukkan jasmaninya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.1pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.2 </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasa Ingin
Tahu</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan pertolongan akal budinya,
manusia menemukan berbagai cara untuk melindungi diri terhadap pengaruh
lingkungan yang merugikan. Tetapi adanya akal budi itu juga menimbulkan rasa
ingin tahu yang selalu berkembang. Dengan kata lain, rasa ingin tahu itu tidak
pernah dapat dipuaskan. Akal budi manusia tidak pernah puas dengan pengetahuan
yang telah dimilikinya. Rasa ingin tahu mendorong manusia untuk melakukan
berbagai kegiatan yang bertujuan untuk mencari jawaban atas berbagai persoalan
yang muncul di dalam pikirannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan yang dilakukan manusia itu
kadang-kadang kurang serasi dengan tujuannya sehingga tidak dapat menghasilkan
pemecahan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tetapi kegagalan biasanya tidak
menimbulkan rasa putus asa, bahkan seringkali justru membangkitkan semangat
yang lebih menyala-nyala untuk memecahkan persoalan. Dengan semangat yang makin
berkobar ini diadakanlah kegiatan-kegiatan yang dianggap lebih serasi dan dapat
diharapkan akan menghasilkan penyelesaian yang memuaskan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan untuk mencari pemecahan dapat berupa: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyelidikan
langsung.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggalian hasil-hasil
penyelidikan yang sudah pernah diperoleh orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerjasama
dengan penyelidik-penyelidik lain yang juga sedang memecahkan soal yang sama
atau yang sejenis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebenarnya setiap orang mempunyai
rasa ingin tahu, meskipun kekuatan atau intensitasnya tidak semua sama,
sedangkan bidang minatnyapun berbeda-beda. Rasa ingin tahu inilah yang dapat
diperkuat ataupun diperlemah oleh lingkungan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jadi rasa ingin tahu tiap manusia
pada setiap saat belum tentu sama kuat, demikian pula kelompok fenomena yang
menimbulkan rasa ingin tahu biasanya berbeda-beda dan dapat berubah-ubah
menurut keadaan. Tidak mungkin setiap individu mempunyai rasa ingin tahu yang
sama kuat terhadap segala fenomena yang terjadi dari alam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasa ingin tahu yang terus
berkembang dan seolah-olah tanpa batas itu menimbulkan perbendaharaan
pengetahuan pada manusia itu sendiri. Hal ini tidak saja meliputi
kebutuhan-kebutuhan praktis untuk hidupnya sehari-hari seperti bercocok tanam,
tetapi pengetahuan manusia juga berkembang sampai kepada hal-hal tentang
keindahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.1.3</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rasa Ingin Tahu Menyebabkan Alam
Pikiran Manusia Berkembang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada dua macam perkembangan yang akan
kita tinjau, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkembangan
alam pikiran manusia sejak zaman purba hingga dewasa ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkembangan
alam pikiran manusia sejak dilahirkan sampai akhir hayatnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkembangan alam pikiran dapat juga
disebabkan oleh rangsangan dari luar, tanpa dorongan dari dalam yang berupa
rasa ingin tahu. Jadi dengan kata lain, bahwa alam pikiran manusia berkembang
terutama karena ada dorongan dari dalam, yaitu rasa ingin tahu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.2</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mitos,
Penalaran, dan Pengetahuan Pangkal Kelahiran Ilmu </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengetahuan
Alam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.2.1</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mitos</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut A. Comte, bahwa dalam
sejarah perkembangan manusia itu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ada
tiga tahap, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap
teologi atau tahap metafisika</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap
filsafat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap
positif atau tahap ilmu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam tahap teologi atau tahap
metafisika, manusia menyusun mitos atau dongeng untuk mengenal realita atau
kenyataan, yaitu pengetahuan yang tidak obyektif, melainkan subyektif. Mitos
ini diciptakan untuk memuaskan rasa ingin tahu manusia. Dalam alam pikiran,
mitos, rasio atau penalaran belum terbentuk, yang bekerja hanya daya khayal,
intuisi, maupun imajinasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut C.A. van Peursen, mitos
adalah suatu cerita yang memberikan pedoman atau arah tertentu kepada
sekelompok orang. Cerita itu dapat ditularkan, dapat pula diungkapkan lewat
tari-tarian atau pementasan wayang, dan sebagainya. Inti cerita adalah
lambang-lambang yang mencetuskan pengalaman manusia beserta lambang kejahatan
dan kebaikan, kehidupan dan kematian, dosa dan penyucian, juga perkawinan dan
kesuburan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tahap teologi ini, manusia
menemukan identitas dirinya. Manusia sebagai subyek yang masih terbuka dikelilingi
oleh obyek yaitu alam, sehingga manusia mudah sekali dimasuki oleh daya dan
kekuatan alam. Lewat mitos inilah, manusia dapat turut serta mengambil bagian
dalam kejadian-kejadian alam sekitarnya, dan dapat menanggapi daya kekuatan
alam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikut ini akan dijelaskan contoh-contoh mengenai
mitos, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gunung api
meletus hebat, menimbulkan gempa bumi, mengeluarkan lahar panas dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>awan panas, sehingga menimbulkan banyak
korban manusia. Manusia pada tahap teologi (menurut A. Comte) atau pada tahap mitos
(C.A. van Peursen) belum dapat melihat realita ini dengan inderanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gempa bumi
diduga terjadi karena Atlas (raksasa yang memikul bumi pada bahunya)
memindahkan bumi dari bahu yang satu ke bahu yang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gerhana
bulan disangka terjadi karena bulan dimakan raksasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bunyi guntur
dikira ditimbulkan oleh roda kereta yang dikendarai dewa melintasi langit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mencari jawaban atas masalah seperti
itu, dan menghubungkannya dengan makhluk-makhluk gaib, disebut berpikir secara
irasional. Demikianlah manusia pada tahap mitos atau teologi menjawab
keingintahuannya dengan menciptakan dongeng-dongeng atau mitos, karena alam
pikirannya masih terbatas pada imajinasi atau intuisi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penalaran Deduktif (rasionalisme)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan bertambah majunya alam
pikiran manusia dan makin berkembangnya cara-cara penyelidikan, manusia dapat
menjawab banyak pertanyaan tanpa mengarang mitos.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut A. Comte, dalam perkembangan
manusia sesudah tahap mitos, manusia berkembang dalam tahap filsafat. Pada
tahap filsafat, rasio sudah terbentuk, tetapi belum ditemukan metode berpikir
secara obyektif. Rasio sudah mulai dioperasikan, tetapi kurang obyektif.
Berbeda dengan pada tahap teologi, pada tahap filsafat ini manusia mencoba
mempergunakan rasionya untuk memahami obyek secara dangkal, tetapi obyek belum
dimasuki secara metodologis yang definitif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkembangan alam pikiran manusia
merupakan suatu proses, maka manusia tidak puas dengan pemikiran ini, sehingga
berkembang ke dalam tahap positif atau tahap ilmu. Dalam tahap positif atau
tahap ilmu ini, rasio sudah dioperasikan secara obyektif. Manusia menghadapi
obyek dengan rasio. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam menghadapi peristiwa-peristiwa
alam, misalnya gunung api meletus yang menimbulkan banyak korban dan kerusakan,
manusia tidak lagi mengadakan selamatan dengan tari-tarian dan nyanyian, tetapi
akan mengamati peristiwa itu, mempelajari mengapa gunung api itu dapat meletus,
kemudian berusaha mencari penyelesaian dengan tindakan-tindakan yang sesuai
dengan hasil pengamatannya. Misalnya, dengan mencegah terjadinya letusan yang
hebat. Untuk mengurangi banyaknya korban, penduduk di sekeliling gunung api
tersebut dipindahkan ke daerah lain. Inilah bukti bahwa manusia lama-kelamaan
tidak puas dengan mitos sebagai pemikiran yang irasional, kemudian mencari
jawaban yang rasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemecahan secara rasional berarti
mengandalkan rasio dalam usaha memperoleh pengetahuan yang benar. Kaum
rasionalis mengembangkan paham yang disebut rasionalisme. Dalam menyusun
pengetahuan, kaum rasionalis menggunakan penalaran deduktif. Penalaran deduktif
adalah cara berpikir yang bertolak dari pernyataan yang bersifat umum untuk
menarik kesimpulan yang bersifat khusus. Penarikan kesimpulan secara deduktif
ini menggunakan pola berpikir yang disebut silogisme. Silogisme itu terdiri
atas dua buah pernyataan dan sebuah kesimpulan. Kedua pernyataan itu
disebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>premis mayor dan premis minor.
Kesimpulan atau konklusi diperoleh dengan penalaran deduktif dari kedua premis
tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan demikian, jelas bahwa
penalaran deduktif ini pertama-tama harus mulai dengan pernyataan yang sudah
pasti kebenarannya. Aksioma dasar ini yang dipakai untuk membangun sistem
pemikirannya, diturunkan atau berasal dari idea yang menurut anggapannya jelas,
tegas, dan pasti dalam pikiran manusia. Dengan penalaran deduktif ini dapat
diperoleh bermacam-macam pengetahuan mengenai sesuatu obyek tertentu tanpa ada
kesepakatan yang dapat diterima oleh semua pihak. Di samping itu juga terdapat
kesulitan untuk menerapkan konsep rasional kepada kehidupan praktis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penalaran Induktif (empirisme)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengetahuan yang diperoleh
berdasarkan penalaran deduktif ternyata mempunyai kelemahan, maka muncullah
pandangan lain yang berdasarkan pengalaman konkret. Mereka yang mengembangkan
pengetahuan berdasarkan pengalaman konkret disebut penganut empirisme. Paham
empirisme menganggap bahwa pengetahuan yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>benar ialah pengetahuan yang diperoleh langsung dari pengalaman konkret.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penganut empirisme menyusun
pengetahuan dengan menggunakan penalaran induktif. Penalaran induktif adalah
cara berpikir dengan menarik kesimpulan umum dari pengamatan, atas
gejala-gejala yang bersifat khusus. Misalnya, pada pengamatan atas logam besi,
tembaga, aluminium, dan sebagainya, jika dipanasi ternyata menunjukkan
bertambah panjang.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dari uraian di atas, dapat
disimpulkan bahwa pengetahuan yang diperoleh hanya dengan penalaran deduktif
tidak dapat diandalkan karena bersifat abstrak dan lepas dari pengalaman.
Demikian pula dengan pengetahuan yang diperoleh hanya dari penalaran induktif
juga tidak dapat diandalkan karena kelemahan pancaindera. Karena itu himpunan
pengetahuan yang diperoleh belum dapat disebut ilmu pengetahuan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2.2.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendekatan Ilmiah sebagai Kelahiran Ilmu Pengetahuan
Alam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metode keilmuan atau pendekatan ilmiah
adalah perpaduan antara rasionalisme dan empirisme. Pengetahuan yang disusun
dengan cara pendekatan ilmiah atau menggunakan metode keilmuan, diperoleh
melalui kegiatan penelitian ilmiah. Penelitian ilmiah ini dilaksanakan secara
sistematik dan terkontrol berdasarkan atas data-data empiris. Kesimpulan dari
penelitian ini dapat menghasilkan suatu teori. Metode keilmuan itu bersifat
obyektif, bebas dari keyakinan, perasaan dan prasangka pribadi, serta bersifat
terbuka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jadi, suatu himpunan pengetahuan dapat
digolongkan sebagai ilmu pengetahuan bilamana cara memperolehnya menggunakan
metode keilmuan, yaitu gabungan antara rasionalisme dan empirisme. Secara
lengkap dapat dikatakan bahwa suatu himpunan pengetahuan dapat disebut Ilmu
Pengetahuan Alam bilamana memenuhi persyaratan berikut, yaitu: obyeknya
pengalaman manusia yang berupa gejala-gejala alam, yang dikumpulkan melalui
metode keilmuan serta mempunyai manfaat untuk kesejahteraan manusia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metode
Ilmiah sebagai Ciri Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: -297.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berpikir
secara rasional dan berpikir secara empiris membentuk dua kutub yang saling
bertentangan. Kedua belah pihak, masing-masing mempunyai kelebihan dan
kekurangannya. Gabungan antara dua pendekatan rasional dan pendekatan empiris
dinamakan metode ilmiah. Rasionalisme memberi kerangka pemikiran yang koheren
dan logis, sedangkan empirisme dalam memastikan kebenarannya memberikan
kerangka pengujiannya. Dengan demikian, maka pengetahuan yang dihasilkan yaitu
pengetahuan yang konsisten dan sistematis serta dapat diandalkan, karena telah
diuji secara empiris.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metode ilmiah merupakan cara dalam
memperoleh pengetahuan secara ilmiah. Dan dapat juga dikatakan bahwa metode
ilmiah merupakan gabungan antara rasionalisme dan empirisme. Cara-cara berpikir
rasional dan empiris tersebut tercermin dalam langkah-langkah yang terdapat
dalam proses kegiatan ilmiah tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: -4.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerangka dasar, prosedurnya dapat
diuraikan atas langkah-langkah seperti berikut: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penemuan
atau penentuan masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, kita menghadapi
berbagai masalah. Kesadaran mengenai masalah yang kita temukan secara empiris
tersebut menyebabkan kita mulai memikirkannya secara rasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perumusan
kerangka masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Langkah ini merupakan usaha untuk
mendeskripsikan permasalahannya secara lebih jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengajuan
hipotesis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hipotesis adalah kerangka pemikiran
sementara yang menjelaskan hubungan antara unsur-unsur yang membentuk suatu
kerangka permasalahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Deduksi hipotesis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kadang-kadang, dalam menjembatani
permasalahan secara rasional dengan pembuktian secara empiris membutuhkan
langkah perantara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengujian hipotesis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Langkah ini merupakan usaha untuk
mengumpulkan fakta-fakta yang relevan dengan deduksi hipotesis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterbatasan
dan keunggulan metode ilmiah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterbatasan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semua kesimpulan ilmiah atau
kebenaran ilmu termasuk Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam bersifat tentatif, yang artinya
kesimpulan itu di anggap benar selama belum ada kebenaran ilmu yang dapat
menolak kesimpulan itu, sedangkan kesimpulan ilmiah yang dapat menolak
kesimpulan ilmiah yang terdahulu, menjadi kebenaran ilmu yang baru.
Keterbatasan lain dari metode ilmiah adalah tidak dapat menjangkau untuk
membuat kesimpulan yang bersangkutan dengan baik dan buruk atau sistem nilai,
tentang seni dan keindahan, dan juga tidak dapat menjangkau untuk menguji
adanya Tuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keunggulan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ilmu atau Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam
mempunyai ciri khas yaitu obyektif, metodik, sistematik, dan berlaku umum.
Dengan sifat-sifat tersebut, maka orang yang berkecimpung atau selalu
berhubungan dengan ilmu pengetahuan akan terbimbing sedemikian rupa hingga
padanya terkembangkan suatu sikap ilmiah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yang
dimaksud dengan sikap ilmiah tersebut adalah sikap:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mencintai
kebenaran yang obyektif, dan bersikap adil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menyadari
bahwa kebenaran ilmu tidak absolut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak
percaya pada takhayul, astrologi, maupun untung-untungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ingin tahu
lebih banyak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak
berpikir secara prasangka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak
percaya begitu saja pada suatu kesimpulan tanpa adanya bukti-bukti yang nyata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">g.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Optimis,
teliti, dan berani menyatakan kesimpulan yang menurut keyakinan ilmiahnya
adalah benar.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 300%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Demikianlah karya ilmiah ini yang
dapat penulis buat mengenai materi berjudul “Perkembangan Pemikiran Manusia
dalam Mensikapi Fenomena Alam” yang menjadi pokok pembahasan atau intisari
permasalahannya. Karya ilmiah ini penulis buat dengan sebaik mungkin, tetapi
penulis menyadari bahwasanya masih terdapat kekurangan dan kelemahan dari karya
ilmiah ini. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penulis berharap para pembaca dapat
memberikan masukan dan saran yang membangun atau konstruktif untuk kebaikan
atau kesempurnaan karya ilmiah ini, dan berguna untuk masa yang akan datang.
Akhirnya, tak lupa penulis sampaikan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah
membantu sehingga terwujudnya karya ilmiah ini.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atas perhatiannya, penulis ucapkan terima kasih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.1</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Segala yang diketahui manusia itu
adalah pengetahuan. Pengetahuan itu dapat digolongkan menjadi dua bagian, yaitu
pengetahuan ilmiah dan pengetahuan non-ilmiah. Pembagian ini sangat tergantung
dari cara bagaimana pengetahuan itu diperoleh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengetahuan non-ilmiah didapat
antara lain dari prasangka, coba-coba, intuisi, dan tidak sengaja. Pengetahuan
ilmiah didapat dari usaha yang dasar (sengaja) dengan syarat obyektif, metodik,
sistematik, dan berlaku umum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Langkah metode ilmiah itu adalah: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perumusan
masalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyusunan
hipotesis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengujian
hipotesis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penarikan kesimpulan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelemahan metode ilmiah termasuk
Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam adalah bahwa metode ini tidak dapat menjawab atau
memperoleh kesimpulan dalam hal-hal yang menyangkut keindahan, sistem penilaian
baik dan buruk, serta agama yang berasal dari wahyu ilahi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keunggulan metode ilmiah antara lain adalah dapat
membuat kita menjadi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Obyektif dan
universal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menceritakan
kebenaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak
percaya kepada takhayul</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mempunyai
pikiran yang terbuka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak
percaya begitu saja kepada pendapat sebelum ada bukti yang nyata</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bersikap
optimis, teliti, dan berani karena benar<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.2</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saran-saran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Agar kita
semua sebagai umat manusia, diwajibkan lebih memperhatikan dan menjaga alam
semesta ini dengan sebaik mungkin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Agar kita
semua dapat menumbuhkan rasa keingintahuan kita terhadap sasaran objek yang
menjadi perhatian kita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Agar umat
manusia dapat mengembangkan imajinasi, intuisi, daya khayal, dan kreatifitasnya
masing-masing demi untuk kebaikan alam itu sendiri.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aly, Abdullah. 2004. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu
Alamiah Dasar</i></b>. Jakarta: Penerbit PT. Bumi Aksara</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rahma, Eny. 2004. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu
Alamiah Dasar</i></b>. Jakarta: Penerbit PT. Bumi Aksara</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://swarieel-nino.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://swarieel-nino.blogspot.com</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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</span></span></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://wikipedia.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://wikipedia.com</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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</span></span></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://rullykomenk.blogger.com/">http://RullyKomenk.blogger.com</a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-62137349929069884102012-03-22T07:36:00.001-07:002012-03-22T07:36:43.184-07:00fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-51427545340483859722012-01-30T19:52:00.000-08:002012-01-30T19:52:02.287-08:00kebudayaan suatu daerah<h3 class="post-title"> <a href="http://hanumskamyta.blogspot.com/2011/05/kebudayaan-aceh.html"><span>KE<span id="dtx-highlighting-item">BUDAYA</span><span>AN<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> ACEH</span></span></span></a> </h3><b><span>ASAL USUL KATA KE<span id="dtx-highlighting-item">BUDAYA</span>AN DAN SEJARAHNYA</span></b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span id="dtx-highlighting-item">Budaya </span>atau ke<span id="dtx-highlighting-item">budaya</span>an berasal dari bahasa Sansekerta yaitu buddhayah, yang merupakan bentuk jamak dari buddhi (budi atau akal) diartikan sebagai hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan budi dan akal manusia. Dalam bahasa Inggris, ke<span id="dtx-highlighting-item">budaya</span>an disebut culture, yang berasal dari kata Latin Colere, yaitu mengolah atau mengerjakan. Bisa diartikan juga sebagai mengolah tanah atau bertani. Kata culture juga kadang diterjemahkan sebagai “kultur” dalam bahasa Indonesia.<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Budaya </span>adalah suatu cara hidup yang berkembang dan dimiliki bersama oleh sebuah kelompok orang dan diwariskan dari generasi ke generasi.<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Budaya </span>terbentuk dari banyak unsur yang rumit, termasuk sistem agama dan politik, adat istiadat, bahasa, perkakas, pakaian, bangunan, dan karya seni. Bahasa, sebagaimana juga<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> budaya</span>, merupakan bagian tak terpisahkan dari diri manusia sehingga banyak orang cenderung menganggapnya diwariskan secara genetis.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ketika seseorang berusaha berkomunikasi dengan orang-orang yang berbada<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> budaya </span>dan menyesuaikan perbedaan-perbedaannya, membuktikan bahwa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> budaya </span>itu dipelajari.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span id="dtx-highlighting-item">Budaya </span>adalah suatu pola hidup menyeluruh.<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> budaya </span>bersifat kompleks, abstrak, dan luas. Banyak aspek<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> budaya </span>turut menentukan perilaku komunikatif. Unsur-unsur sosio-<span id="dtx-highlighting-item">budaya </span>ini tersebar dan meliputi banyak kegiatan sosial manusia.</span></div><br />
<b><span>ASAL MULA NAMA<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> ACEH</span></span></b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span id="dtx-highlighting-item">Aceh </span>adalah nama sebuah Bangsa yang mendiami ujung paling utara pulau sumatera yang terletak di antara samudera hindia dan selat malaka.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span id="dtx-highlighting-item">Aceh </span>merupakan sebuah nama dengan berbagai legenda dan mitos , sebuah bangsa yang sudah dikenal dunia internasional sejak berdirinya kerajaan poli di<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Pidie dan mencapai puncak kejayaan dan masa keemasan pada zaman Kerajaan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Darussalam di masa pemerintahan Sulthan Iskandar Muda hingga berakhirnya kesulthanan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>pada tahun 1903 di masa Sulthan Muhammad Daud Syah.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Dan walau dalam masa 42 tahun sejak 1903 s/d 1945<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>tanpa pemimpin,<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>tetap berdiri dan terus berjuang mempertahankan kemerdekaannya dari tangan Belanda dan Jepang yang dipimpin oleh para bangsawan, hulubalang dan para pahlawan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>seperti Tgk Umar, Cut Nyak Dhien dan lain-lain dan juga<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>mempunyai andil yang sangat besar dalam mempertahankan Nusantara ini dengan pengorbanan rakyat dan harta benda yang sudah tak terhitung nilainya hingga<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>bergabung dengan Indonesia karena kedunguan dan kegoblokan Daud Beureueh yang termakan oleh janji manis dan air mata buaya Soekarno.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Banyak sekali tentang mitos tentang nama<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>, Berikut beberapa mitos tentang nama<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>1. Menurut H. Muhammad Said (1972), sejak abad pertama Masehi,<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>sudah menjadi jalur perdagangan internasional. Pelabuhan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>menjadi salah satu tempat singgah para pelintas. Malah ada di antara mereka yang kemudian menetap. Interaksi berbagai suku bangsa kemudian membuat wajah<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>semakin majemuk. Sepeti dikutip oleh H.M. Said (Pengarang Buku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Sepanjang Abad) catatan Thomas Braddel yang menyebutkan, di zaman Yunani, orang-orang Eropa mendapat rempah-rempah Timur dari saudagar Iskandariah, Bandar Mesir terbesar di pantai Laut Tengah kala itu. Tetapi, rempah-rempah tersebut bukanlah asli Iskandariah, melainkan mereka peroleh dari orang Arab Saba.Orang-orang Arab Saba mengangkut rempah-rempah tersebut dari Barygaza atau dari pantai Malabar India dan dari pelabuhan-pelabuhan lainnya. Sebelum diangkut ke negeri mereka, rempah-rempah tersebut dikumpulkan di Pelabuhan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>2. Raden Hoesein Djajadiningrat dalam bukunya Kesultanan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>(Terjemahan Teuku Hamid, 1982/1983) menyebutkan bahwa berita-berita tentang<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>sebelum abad ke-16 Masehi dan mengenai asal-usul pembentukan Kerajaan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>sangat bersimpang-siur dan terpencar-pencar.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>3. HM. Zainuddin (1961) dalam bukunya Tarich<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>dan Nusantara, menyebutkan bahwa bangsa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>termasuk dalam rumpun bangsa Melayu, yaitu; Mantee (Bante), Lanun, Sakai Jakun, Semang (orang laut), Senui dan lain sebagainya, yang berasal dari negeri Perak dan Pahang di tanah Semenanjung Melayu.Semua bangsa tersebut erat hubungannya dengan bangsa Phonesia dari Babylonia dan bangsa Dravida di lembah sungai Indus dan Gangga, India. Bangsa Mante di<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>awalnya mendiami<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Besar, khususnya di Kampung Seumileuk, yang juga disebut Gampong Rumoh Dua Blah. Letak kampung tersebut di atas Seulimum, antara Jantho danTangse. Seumileuk artinya dataran yang luas. Bangsa Mante inilah yang terus berkembang menjadi penduduk<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Lhee Sagoe (di<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Besar) yang kemudian ikut berpindah ke tempat-tempat lainnya. Sesudah tahun 400 Masehi, orang mulai menyebut ”<span id="dtx-highlighting-item">Aceh</span>” dengan sebutan Rami atau Ramni. Orang-orang dari Tiongkok menyebutnya lan li, lanwu li, nam wu li, dan nan poli yang nama sebenarnya menurut bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>adalah Lam Muri. Sementara orang Melayu menyebutnya Lam Bri (Lamiri). Dalam catatan Gerini, nama Lambri adalah pengganti dari Rambri (Negeri Rama) yang terletak di Arakan (antara India Belakang dan Birma), yang merupakan perubahan dari sebutan Rama Bar atau Rama Bari.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>4. Rouffaer, salah seorang penulis sejarah, menyatakan kata al Ramni atau al Rami diduga merupakan lafal yang salah dari kata-kata Ramana. Setelah kedatangan orang portugis mereka lebih suka menyebut orang<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>dengan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>m.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>5. Sementara orang Arab menyebutnya Asji. Penulis-penulis Perancis menyebut nama<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>dengan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>m, Acin, Acheh ; orang-orang Inggris menyebutnya Atcheen, Acheen, Achin. Orang-orang Belanda menyebutnya Achem, Achim, Atchin, Atchein, Atjin, Atsjiem, Atsjeh, dan Atjeh. Orang<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>sendiri, kala itu menyebutnya Atjeh.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>6. Informasi tentang asal-muasal nama<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>memang banyak ragamnya. Dalam versi lain, asal-usul nama<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>lebih banyak diceritakan dalam mythe, cerita-cerita lama, mirip dongeng. Di antaranya, dikisahkan zaman dahulu, sebuah kapal Gujarat (India) berlayar ke<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>dan tiba di Sungai Tjidaih (baca: ceudaih yang bermakna cantik, kini disebut Krueng<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>).Para anak buah kapal (ABK) itu pun kemudian naik ke darat menuju Kampung Pande. Namun, dalam perjalanan tiba-tiba mereka kehujanan dan berteduh di bawah sebuah pohon. Mereka memuji kerindangan pohon itu dengan sebutan, Aca, Aca, Aca, yang artinya indah, indah, indah. Menurut Hoesein Djajadiningrat, pohon itu bernama bak si<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh</span>-<span id="dtx-highlighting-item">aceh </span>di Kampung Pande (dahulu),Meunasah Kandang. Dari kata Aca itulah lahir nama<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>7. Dalam versi lain diceritakan tentang perjalanan Budha ke Indo China dan kepulauan Melayu. Ketika sang budiman itu sampai di perairan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>, ia melihat cahaya aneka warna di atas sebuah gunung. Ia pun berseru “Acchera Vaata Bho” (baca: Acaram Bata Bho, alangkah indahnya). Dari kata itulah lahir nama<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>. Yang dimaksud dengan gunung cahaya tadi adalah ujung batu putih dekat Pasai.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">8. Dalam cerita lain disebutkan, ada dua orang kakak beradik sedang mandi di sungai. Sang adik sedang hamil. Tiba-tiba hanyut sebuah rakit pohon pisang. Di atasnya tergeletak sesuatu yang bergerak-gerak. Kedua putri itu lalu berenang dan mengambilnya. Ternyata yang bergerak itu adalah seorang bayi. Sang kakak berkata pada adiknya “Berikan ia padaku karena kamu sudah mengandung dan aku belum. ”Permintaan itu pun dikabulkan oleh sang adik. Sang kakak lalu membawa pulang bayi itu ke rumahnya. Dan, ia pun berdiam diri di atas balai-balai yang di bawahnya terdapat perapian (madeueng) selama 44 hari, layaknya orang yang baru melahirkan. Ketika bayi itu diturunkan dari rumah, seisi kampung menjadi heran dan mengatakan: adoe nyang mume, a nyang ceh (Maksudnya si adik yang hamil, tapi si kakak yang melahirkan).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>9. Mitos lainnya menceritakan bahwa pada zaman dahulu ada seorang anak raja yang sedang berlayar, dengan suatu sebab kapalnya karam. Ia terdampar ke tepi pantai, di bawah sebatang pohon yang oleh penduduk setempat dinamaipohon<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh</span>. Nama pohon itulah yang kemudian ditabalkan menjadi nama<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>10. Talson menceritakan, pada suatu masa seorang puteri Hindu hilang, lari dari negerinya, tetapi abangnya kemudian menemukannya kembali di<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>. Ia mengatakan kepada penduduk di sana bahwa puteri itu aji, yang artinya ”adik”. Sejak itulah putri itu diangkat menjadi pemimpin mereka, dan nama aji dijadikan sebagai nama daerah, yang kemudian secara berangsur-angsur berubah menjadi<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>11. Mitos lainnya yang hidup di kalangan rakyat<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>, menyebutkan istilah<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>berasal dari sebuah kejadian, yaitu istri raja yang sedang hamil, lalu melahirkan. Oleh penduduk saat itu disebut ka ceh yang artinya telah lahir. Dan, dari sinilah asal kata<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>12. Kisah lainnya menceritakan tentang karakter bangsa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>yang tidak mudah pecah. Hal ini diterjemahkan dari rangkaian kata a yang artinya tidak, dan ceh yang artinya pecah. Jadi, kata<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh </span>bermakna tidak pecah.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>13. Di kalangan peneliti sejarah dan antropologi, asal-usul bangsa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>adalah dari suku Mantir (Mantee, bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>) yang hidup di rimba raya<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>. Suku ini mempunyai ciri-ciri dan postur tubuh yang agak kecil dibandingkan dengan orang<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>sekarang. Diduga suku Manteu ini mempunyai kaitan dengan suku bangsa Mantera di Malaka, bagian dari bangsa Khmer dari Hindia Belakang.</span></div><br />
<b><span>7 KOMPONEN<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> BUDAYA </span>:</span></b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><b><span>1. Macam-Macam Bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span></span></b></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span>Bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span></span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Diantara bahasa-bahasa daerah yang terdapat di provinsi NAD, bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>merupakan bahasa daerah terbesar dan yang paling banyak penuturnya, yakni sekitar 70 % dari total penduduk provinsi NAD. Penutur bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>tersebar di wilayah pantai Timur dan Barat provinsi NAD. Penutur asli bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>adalah mereka yang mendiami kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Besar, kota Banda<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>, kabupaten Pidie, kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Jeumpa, kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Utara, kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Timur, kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Barat dan kota Sabang. Penutur bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>juga terdapat di beberapa wilayah dalam kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Selatan, terutama di wilayah Kuala Batee, Blang Pidie, Manggeng, Sawang, Tangan-tangan, Meukek, Trumon dan Bakongan. Bahkan di kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Tengah,<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Tenggara dan Simeulue, kita dapati juga sebahagian kecil masyarakatnya yang berbahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>. Selain itu, di luar provinsi NAD, yaitu di daerah-daerah perantauan, masih ada juga kelompok-kelompok masyarakat<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>yang tetap mempertahankan bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>sebagai bahasa ibu mereka. Hal ini dapat kita jumpai pada komunitas masyarakat<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>di Medan, Jakarta, Kedah dan Kuala Lumpur di Malaysia serta Sydney di Australia.</span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Bahasa Gayo</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bahasa ini diyakini sebagai suatu bahasa yang erat kaitannya dengan bahasa Melayu kuno, meskipun kini cukup banyak kosakata bahasa Gayo yang telah bercampur dengan bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>. Bahasa Gayo merupakan bahasa ibu bagi masyarakat<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>yang mendiami kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Tengah, sebagian kecil wilayah<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Tenggara, dan wilayah Lokop di kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Timur. Bagi kebanyakan orang di luar masyarakat Gayo, bahasa ini mengingatkan mereka akan alunan-alunan merdu dari syair-syair kesenian didong.</span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Bahasa Alas</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bahasa ini kedengarannya lebih mirip dengan bahasa yang digunakan oleh masyarakat etnis Karo di Sumatera Utara. Masyarakat yang mendiami kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Tenggara, di sepanjang wilayah kaki gunung Leuser, dan penduduk di sekitar hulu sungai Singkil di kabupaten Singkil, merupakan masyarakat penutur asli dari bahasa Alas. Penduduk kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Tenggara yang menggunakan bahasa ini adalah mereka yang berdomisili di lima kecamatan, yaitu kecamatan Lawe Sigala-Gala, Lawe Alas, Bambel, Babussalam, dan Bandar.</span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Bahasa Tamiang</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bahasa Tamiang (dalam bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>disebut bahasa Teumieng) merupakan variant atau dialek bahasa Melayu yang digunakan oleh masyarakat kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Tamiang (dulu wilayah kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Timur), kecuali di kecamatan Manyak Payed (yang merupakan wilayah bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>) dan kota Kuala Simpang (wilayah bahasa campuran, yakni bahasa Indonesia, bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>dan bahasa Tamiang). Hingga kini cita rasa Melayu masih terasa sangat kental dalam bahasa Tamiang.</span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Bahasa Aneuk Jamee</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span>Bahasa ini sering juga disebut (terutama oleh penutur bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>) dengan bahasa Jamee atau bahasa Baiko. Di Kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Selatan dan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Barat Daya bahasa ini merupakan bahasa ibu bagi penduduk yang mendiami wilayah-wilayah kantung suku Aneuk Jamee. Di Kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Barat Daya bahasa ini terutama dituturkan di Susoh, sebagian Blang Pidie dan Manggeng. Kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Selatan merupakan daerah yang paling banyak dituturkan sebagai lingua franca, antara lain Labuhan Haji, Samadua, Tapaktuan, dan Kluet Selatan. Di luar wilayah<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Selatan dan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Barat Daya, bahasa ini juga digunakan oleh kelompok-kelompok kecil masyarakat di kabupaten Singkil dan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Barat, khususnya di kecamatan Meureubo (Desa Peunaga Rayek, Ranto Panyang, Meureubo, Pasi Meugat, dan Gunong Kleng), serta di kecamatan Johan Pahlawan (khususnya di desa Padang Seurahet). Bahasa Aneuk Jamee adalah bahasa yang lahir dari asimilasi bahasa sekelompok masyarakat Minang yang datang ke wilayah pantai barat-selatan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>dengan bahasa daerah masyarakat tempatan, yakni bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>. Sebutan Aneuk Jamee (yang secara harfiah bermakna ‘anak tamu’, atau ‘bangsa pendatang’) yang dinisbahkan pada suku/bahasa ini adalah refleksi dari sikap keterbukaan dan</span><span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> budaya </span><span>memuliakan tamu masyarakat<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh </span>setempat. Bahasa ini dapat disebut sebagai variant dari bahasa Minang.</span></span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Bahasa Kluet</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bahasa Kluet merupakan bahasa ibu bagi masyarakat yang mendiami daerah kecamatan Kluet Utara dan Kluet Selatan di kabupaten<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Selatan. Informasi tentang bahasa Kluet, terutama kajian-kajian yang bersifat akademik, masih sangat terbatas. Masyarakat<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>secara luas, terkecuali penutur bahasa Kluet sendiri, tidak banyak mengetahui tentang seluk-beluk bahasa ini. Barangkali masyarakat penutur bahasa Kluet dapat mengambil semangat dari PKA-4 ini untuk mulai menuliskan sesuatu dalam bahasa daerah Kluet, sehingga suatu saat nanti masyarakat dapat dengan mudah mendapatkan buku-buku dalam bahasa Kluet baik dalam bentuk buku pelajaran bahasa, cerita-cerita pendek, dan bahkan puisi.</span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Bahasa Singkil</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Seperti halnya bahasa Kluet, informasi tentang bahasa Singkil, terutama sekali dalam bentuk penerbitan, masih sangat terbatas. Bahasa ini merupakan bahasa ibu bagi sebagian masyarakat di kabupaten Singkil. Dikatakan sebahagian karena kita dapati ada sebagian lain masyarakat di kabupaten Singkil yang menggunakan bahasa<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>, bahasa Aneuk Jamee, ada yang menggunakan bahasa Minang, dan ada juga yang menggunakan bahasa Dairi (atau disebut juga bahasa Pakpak) khususnya di kalangan pedagang dan pelaku bisnis di wilayah Subulussalam. Selain itu masyarakat Singkil yang mendiami Kepulauan Banyak, mereka menggunakan bahasa Haloban. Jadi sekurang-kurangnya ada enam bahasa daerah yang digunakan sebagai bahasa komunisasi sehari-hari diantara sesama anggota masyarakat Singkil selain bahasa Indonesia. Dari sudut pandang ilmu linguistik, masyarakat Singkil adalah satu-satunya kelompok masyarakat di provinsi NAD yang paling pluralistik dalam hal penggunaan bahasa.</span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Bahasa Haloban</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Sebagaimana telah disinggung sebelumnya, bahasa Haloban adalah salah satu bahasa daerah<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>yang digunakan oleh masyarakat di kabupaten Singkil, khususnya mereka yang mendiami Kepulauan Banyak, terutama sekali di Pulau Tuanku. Bahasa ini kedengarannya sangat mirip dengan bahasa Devayan yang digunakan oleh masyarakat di pulau Simeulue. Jumlah penutur bahasa Haloban sangat sedikit dan jika uapaya-upaya untuk kemajuan, pengembangan serta pelestarian tidak segera dimulai, dikhawatirkan suatu saat nanti bahasa ini hanya tinggal dalam catatan-catatan kenangan para peneliti bahasa daerah.</span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Bahasa Simeulue</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Bahasa Simeulue adalah salah satu bahasa daerah<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>yang merupakan bahasa ibu bagi masyarakat di pulau Simeulue dengan jumlah penuturnya sekitar 60.000 orang. Dalam penelitian Morfologi Nomina Bahasa Simeulue, menemukan bahwa kesamaan nama pulau dan bahasa ini telah menimbulkan salah pengertian bagi kebanyakan masyarakat<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>di luar pulau Simeulue: mereka menganggap bahwa di pulau Simeulue hanya terdapat satu bahasa daerah, yakni bahasa Simeulue. Padahal di kabupaten Simeulue kita jumpai tiga bahasa daerah, yaitu bahasa Simeulue, bahasa Sigulai (atau disebut juga bahasa Lamamek), dan bahasa Devayan. Ada perbedaan pendapat di kalangan para peneliti bahasa tentang jumlah bahasa di pulau Simeulue. misalnya, mengatakan bahwa di pulau Simeulue hanya ada satu bahasa, yaitu bahasa Simeulue. Akan tetapi bahasa ini memiliki dua dialek, yaitu dialek Devayan yang digunakan di wilayah kecamatan Simeulue Timur, Simeulue Tengah dan di kecamatan Tepah Selatan, serta dialek Sigulai yang digunakan oleh masyarakat di wilayah kecataman Simeulue Barat dan kecamatan Salang.</span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><b>2. KARYA / SENI</b></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Salah satu tradisi turun temurun yang dilakukan oleh Rakyat<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>adalah melakukan aktifitas lewat kesenian. Seni yang dimaksud disini adalah kemampuan seorang atau sekelompok orang untuk memnampilkan suatu hasil karya dihadapan orang lain. Dalam konteks masyarakat<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>dahulu, seseorang yang mempunyai nilai seni, maka ia akan menjadi sosok yang akan menjadi perhatian. Dalam literature ke<span id="dtx-highlighting-item">aceh</span>an, dikenal beberapa jenis kesenian<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>diantaranya Zikee, seudati, rukoen, rapai geleng, rapai daboeh, biola (mop-mop), saman, laweut dan sebagainya. Sepintas lalu, kegiatan seni yang dilakukan tersebut bertujuan untuk menghibur diri atau kelompok tertentu. Hal ini dilakukan seperti dalam kegiatan resmi di istana raja, atau dalam dalam perayaan acara tertentu.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Mengutip pendapat "Ismuha dalam buku Bunga Rampai<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Budaya </span><span>Nusantara", maka Kesenian<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>secara umum terbagi dalam seni tari, seni sastra dan cerita rakyat. Adapun ciri-ciri tari tradisional<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>antara lain; bernafaskan islam, ditarikan oleh banyak orang, pengulangan gerak serupa yang relatif banyak, memakan waktu penyajian yang relatif panjang, kombinasi dari tari musik dan sastra, pola lantai yang terbatas, pada masa awal pertumbuhannya disajikan dalam kegiatan khusus berupa upacara-upacara dan gerak tubuh terbatas (dapat diberi variasi).</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span>Kesenian<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>dibalut dengan nilai-nilai agama, sosial dan politik. Kenyataan ini dapat dilihat dalam seni tari, seni sastra, seni teater dan seni suara. Selain itu seni tari atau seni tradisional<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>dipengarungi oleh Sosial</span><span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> budaya </span><span><span id="dtx-highlighting-item">Aceh </span>itu sendiri. Seni<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>dipengaruhi oleh latar belakng adat agama, dan latar belakang cerita rakyat (mitos legenda). Seni tari yang berlatarbelakang adat dan agama seperti tari saman, meuseukat, rapai uroh maupun rapai geleng, Rampou<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>dan seudati. Sementara seni yang berlatar belakang cerita rakyat (mitos legenda) seperti tari phom bines dan ale tunjang.</span></span></div><br />
Contoh kesenian :<br />
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1. Seni Lukis : Kaligrafi Arab<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Seni kaligrafi Arab merupikan salah satu kesenian yang ada dalam suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh</span>. Melukis kaligrafi ini biasanya dilukis di atas kanvas yang bertujuan sebagai hiasan dinding di dalam rumah atau mesjid dengan melukiskan Asmaul Husna dan sebagainya. Kesenian ini banyak terlihat pada berbagai ukiran mesjid, rumah adat, alat upacara, perhiasan, dan sebagainya.</span></div><br />
2. Seni Pahat : Memahat Rumah Adat dan Nisan<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Seni pahat yang ada pada suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh </span>adalah memahat hiasan pada rumah adat atau nisan. Seni pahat yang diaplikasikan pada rumah adat menunjukkan kepemilikan dan status sosial pemiliknya. Sedangkan seni pahat yang diaplikasikan pada nisan menunjukkan status sosial yang dikuburkan, dan juga memberikan informasi nama dan tahun serta tanggal wafat dari tokoh yang dikuburkan.</span></div><br />
3. Seni Musik : Rapai Geleng<br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">Rapai geleng merupakan seni musik yang dilakukan oleh tiga belas laki-laki/perempuan yang duduk berbanjar, seperti duduk diantara dua sujud ketika melaksanakan shalat. Masing-masing memegang alat tabuh sambil bernyanyi bersama. Antara musik dan gerak yang dimainkan bersenyawa. Awalnya lambat, sedang, setelah beberapa detik berubah cepat diiringi dengan gerakan kepala yang digelengkan ke kiri dan kekanan. Mereka menepuk-nepuk tangan dan dada, juga menepuk tangan dan paha. Ada yang bertindak sebagai pemain biasa, syech dan aneuk dhiek.</div><br />
4. Seni Tari : Tari Saman<br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">Tarian ini merupakan salah satu media untuk pencapaian dakwah. Tarian ini mencerminkan pendidikan, keagamaan, sopan santun, kepahlawanan, kekompakan dan kebersamaan. dilakukan dalam posisi duduk berbanjar dengan irama dan gerak yang dinamis. Suatu tari dengan syair penuh ajaran kebajikan, terutama ajaran agama Islam.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><b>3. TEKNOLOGI</b></div><br />
<b>Barang – Benda (Material Culture)</b><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">Alat-alat musik</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>a. Serune Kalee / Seruling<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Serune Kalee merupakan instrumen tradisional<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>yang telah lama berkembang dan dihayati oleh masyarakat<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>. Biasanya alat musik ini dimainkan bersamaan dengan Rapai dan Gendrang pada acara-acara hiburan, tarian, penyambutan tamu kehormatan. Bahan dasar Serune Kalee ini berupa kayu, kuningan dan tembaga. Bentuk menyerupai seruling bambu. Warna dasarnya hitam yang fungsi sebagai pemanis atau penghias musik tradisional<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span>Serune Kalee bersama-sama dengangeundrang dan Rapai merupakan suatu perangkatan musik yang dari semenjak jayanya kerajaan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>Darussalam sampai sekarang tetap menghiasi/mewarnai ke</span><span id="dtx-highlighting-item">budaya</span><span>an tradisional<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>disektor musik.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">b. Rapai / rebana</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Rapai terbuat dari bahan dasar berupa kayu dan kulit binatang. Bentuknya seperti rebana dengan warna dasar hitam dan kuning muda. Sejenis instrumen musik pukul (percussi) yang berfungsi pengiring kesenian tradisional.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">c. Geundrang / gendang</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Geundrang merupakan unit instrumen dari perangkatan musik Serune Kalee. Geundrang termasuk jenis alat musik pukul dan memainkannya dengan memukul dengan tangan atau memakai kayu pemukul. Fungsi Geundrang nerupakan alat pelengkap tempo dari musik tradisional etnik<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">d. Tambo / tambur</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sejenis gendang yang termasuk alat pukul. Tambo ini dibuat dari bahan Bak Iboh, kulit sapi dan rotan sebagai alat peregang kulit. Tambo ini dimasa lalu berfungsi sebagai alat komunikasi untuk menentukan waktu shalat/sembahyang dan untuk mengumpulkan masyarakat ke Meunasah guna membicarakan masalah-masalah kampung. Sekarang jarang digunakan (hampir punah) karena fungsinya telah terdesak olah alat teknologi microphone.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">e. Taktok Trieng</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Taktok Trieng juga sejenis alat pukul yang terbuat dari bambu. Alat ini berfungsi untuk mengusir burung ataupun serangga lain yang mengancam tanaman padi. Jenis ini biasanya diletakkan ditengah sawah dan dihubungkan dengan tali sampai ke dangau (gubuk tempat menunggu padi di sawah).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">f. Bereguh</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Bereguh nama sejenis alat tiup terbuat dari tanduk kerbau. Bereguh mempunyai nada yang terbatas, banyaknya nada yang dapat dihasilkan Bereguh tergantung dari teknik meniupnya. Fungsi dari Bereguh hanya sebagai alat komunikasi terutama apabila berada dihutan/berjauhan9</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">tempat antara seorang dengan orang lainnya. Sekarang ini Bereguh telah jarang dipergunakan orang, diperkirakan telah mulai punah penggunaannya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Rumah Adat : Rumoh<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Rumah adat<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>terbuat dari kayu meranti dan berbentuk panggung mempunyai 3 serambi yaitu Seuranmoe Keu, Rumah Inong dan Seuramoe Likot.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Seni / Ragam Hias : Pilin Berganda</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Seni hias<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>umumnya mamakai bentuk-bentuk ilmu ukur, tumbuh- tumbuhan atau ruang angkasa (kosmos). Ragam Pilin berganda terdiri dari susunan huruf S berdasarkan ilmu ukur. Seni ukir dan seni tenun<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>menggunakan bentuk tumbuhan.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pakaian Adat</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pakaian adat yang dikenakan pria<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>adalah baju jas dengan leher tertutup, celana panjang yang disebut cekak musang dan kain sarung yang disebutpendua. Kopiah yang dipakainya disebut makutup dan sebilah rencong terselip di depan perut. Wanitanya memakai baju sampai ke pinggul, celana panjang cekak musang serta kain sarung sampai ke lutut. Perhiasan yang dipakai berupa kalung yang disebutkula,pending, gelang tangan dan gelang kaki. Pakaian ini dipergunakan untuk keperluan upacara pernikahan.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Senjata</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Rencong adalah senjata tradisional yang dipakai oleh hampir setiap penduduk<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>. Wilahan rencong terbuat dari besi dan biasanya bertuliskan ayat-ayat Al-Qur'an. Selain rencong, suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>juga menggunakan, reuduh, keumeurah paneuk, peudang, dantameung. Senjata-senjata tersebut umumnya dibuat sendiri.</span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><b>4. MATA PENCAHARIAN</b></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Setiap orang untuk yang hidup memerlukan makanan untuk menyambung hidupnya. Dalam suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh</span>, untuk mendapatkan makanan sebagian besar dari mereka bekerja sebagai petani dan beternak. Namun, masyarakat yang bermukim di sepanjang pantai pada umumnya menjadi nelayan, dan tidak sedikit juga yang berdagang.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Mata pencaharian pokok suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh </span>adalah bertani di sawah dan ladang dengan tanaman pokok berupa padi, cengkeh, lada, pala, kelapa dan lain-lain. Disamping bertani, masyarakat suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh </span>juga ada yang beternak kuda, kerbau, sapi dan kambing yang kemudian untuk dipekerjakan di sawah atau di jual.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Untuk masyarakat yang hidup di sepanjang pantai, umumnya mereka menjadi nelayan dengan mencari ikan yang kemudian untuk menu utama makanan sehari-hari atau dijual ke pasar. Bagi masyarakat yang berdagang, mereka melakukan kegiatan berdagang secara tetap (baniago), salah satunya dengan menjajakan barang dagangannya dari kampung ke kampung.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><b>5. SISTEM AGAMA</b></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span>Suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>adalah pemeluk agama islam dan mereka tidak mengenal dewa- dewa. Kepercayaan agama lainnya hanya berkembang di kalangan para pedagang.<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>termasuk salah satu daerah yang paling awal menerima agama Islam. Oleh 10 sebab itu propinsi ini dikenal dengan sebutan "Serambi Mekah", maksudnya "pintu gerbang" yang paling dekat antara Indonesia dengan tempat dari mana agama tersebut berasal. Meskipun demikian ke</span><span id="dtx-highlighting-item">budaya</span><span>an asli suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>tidak hilang begitu saja, sebaliknya beberapa unsur ke</span><span id="dtx-highlighting-item">budaya</span>an setempat mendapat pengaruh dan berbaur dengan ke<span id="dtx-highlighting-item">budaya</span>an Islam. Dengan demikian ke<span id="dtx-highlighting-item">budaya</span>an hasil akulturasi tersebut melahirkan corak ke<span id="dtx-highlighting-item">budaya</span><span>an Islam-<span id="dtx-highlighting-item">Aceh </span>yang khas.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Simbol yang digunakan pada suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh </span>adalah rencong, karena gagangnya yang melelekuk kemudian menebal pada bagian sikunya merupakan huruf hijaiyah ”BA”, gagang tempat genggaman berbentuk huruf hijaiyah ”SIN”, bentuk lancip yang menurun kebawah pada pangkal besi dekat gagangnya merupakan huruf hijaiyah ”MIM”, lajur besi dari pangkal gagang hingga dekat ujungnya merupakan huruf hijaiyah ”LAM”, dan ujung yang runcing sebelah atas mendatar dan bagian bawah yang sedikit melekuk ke atas merupakan huruf hijaiyah ”HA”. Dengan demikian rangkaian dari huruf tersebut mewujudkan kalimat ”BISMILLAH”. Ini berkaitan dengan jiwa kepahlawanan dalam bentuk senjata perang untuk mempertahankan agama Islam dari penjajahan orang yang anti Islam.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Mitos yang terdapat di dalam suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh </span>adalah memelihara burung hantu. Karena orang-orang suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh </span>meyakini bahwa jika salah satu diantara mereka memelihara burung hantu, berarti orang tersebut sedang menyekutukan Allah SWT. Sebab, suara kukukan burung hantu adalah pertanda untuk memanggil makhluk- makhluk gaib.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Di dalam suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh </span>terdapat beberapa ritual agama, yaitu intat bu pada saat ibu sedang hamil, peutron aneuk pada saat bayi sudah lahir, danpeus ijuek. Intat bu adalah ritual yang dilakukan untuk wanita hamil dengan memasak makanan yang disukai oleh wanita tersebut. Peutron Aneuk adalah ritual untuk bayi yang baru lahir dengan memberikan cermin kepada bayinya agar anaknya menjadi ganteng atau cantik, memberikan madu dibibir agar anaknya terlihat manis oleh semua orang. Peusijuk adalah ritual untuk anak yang baru disunat dengan memercikan air dari danau laut tawar dengan campuran bunga 7 rupa menggunakan 7 helai daun pandan, kemudian disebarkan beras yang sudah ditumbuk menjadi tepung ke anak yang baru disunat. Ritual ini bertujuan agar Allah SWT memberikan keberkatan dan rezeki kepada anak tersebut.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Masyarakat suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh </span>sangat mempercayai dan meyakini akan ajaran agama Islam. Mereka memegang teguh keyakinan tersebut. Di samping itu, mereka sangat menghormati dan menghargai para Ulama sebagai pewaris para Nabi. Sehingga ketundukan ulama melebihi ketundukan pada para raja.</span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><b>6. ORGANISASI SOSIAL</b></div><br />
Status<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pada masa lalu masyarakat suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>mengenal beberapa lapisan sosial. Di antaranya ada empat golongan masyarakat, yaitu :</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• golongan keluarga sultan : keturunan bekas sultan-sultan yang pernah berkuasa. Panggilan yang lazim untuk keturunan sultan ini adalah ampon, dan cut.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• golongan ulee balang : keturunan dari golongan keluarga sultan. Biasanya mereka bergelar Teuku.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• golongan ulama : keturunan pemuka agama. Biasanya mereka bergelar Teungku atau Tengku.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>• golongan rakyat biasa : keturunan suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh </span>biasa.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Sistem organisasi sosial suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>tidak begitu terlihat lagi bila di bandingkan dengan zaman kemerdekaan. Pelapisan sosial yang terdapat di<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>pada zaman sebelum merdeka lebih di dasarkan oleh faktor keturunan. Setelah kemerdekaan dasar - dasar pelapisan sosial mulai bergeser dan berubah polanya. Secara umum pelapisan sosial suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>sekarang sebagai berikut:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Golongan penguasa : terdiri penguasa pemerintah dan penguasa pegawai negri.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Golongan hartawan : terdiri dari pedagang besar, pemilik perkebunan, dan pemilik ternak.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">• Golongan rakyat : terdiri dari petani miskin, nelayan, buruh, dan pegawai rendahan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sistem Keluarga</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dalam sistem keluarga, bentuk kekerabatan yang terpenting adalah keluarga inti dengan prinsip keturunan bilateral. Adat menetap sesudah menikah bersifat matrilokal. Sedangkan anak merupakan tanggung jawab ayah sepenuhnya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Pernikahan</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Dalam sistem pernikahan tampaknya terdapat kombinasi antara<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> budaya </span><span>Minangkabau dan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>. Garis keturunan diperhitungkan berdasarkan prinsip bilateral, sedangkan adat menetap sesudah nikah adalah uxorilikal. Kerabat pihak ayah mempunyai kedudukan yang kuat dalam hal pewarisan dan perwalian, sedangkan ninik mamak berasal dari kerabat pihak ibu. Kelompok kekerabatan yang terkecil adalah keluarga inti yang disebut rumoh tanggo. Ayah berperan sebagai kepala keluarga yang mempunyai kewajiban memenuhi kebutuhan keluarganya.Tanggung jawab seorang ibu yang utama adalah mengasuh anak dan mengatur rumah tangga.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sistem politik dan pemerintahan</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Bentuk kesatuan hidup setempat yang terkecil disebut gam pong yang dikepalai oleh seorang geucik atau kecik. Dalam setiap gampong ada sebuah meunasah yang dipimpin seorang imeum meunasah. Kumpulan dari beberapa gampong disebut mukim yang dipimpin oleh seorang imam mukim. Kehidupan sosial dan keagamaan di setiapgam pong dipimpin oleh pemuka- pemuka adat dan agama, mengurusi masalah - masalah keagamaan, seperti hukum atau syariat Islam dikenal sebagai pemimpin keagamaan atau masuk kelompok elite religius. Oleh karena itu, para ulama ini mengurusi hal-hal yang menyangkut keagamaan, maka mereka haruslah Ureung Nyang Malem. Dengan demikian tentunya sesuai dengan predikat / sebutan ulama itu sendiri, yang berarti para ahli ilmu atau para ahli pengetahuan. Adapun golongan atau kelompok ulama ini dapat disebutkan, yaitu Imam Mukim, Qadli, Teungku / teuku.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><b>7. SISTEM PENGETAHUAN</b></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>memiliki sistem pengetahuan yang mencangkup tentang fauna, flora, bagian tubuh manusia, gejala alam, dan waktu. Mereka mengetahui dan memiliki pengetahuan itu dari dukun dan orang tua adat.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Pengetahuan yang terdapat dalam suku<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> aceh</span>, yaitu tentang tradisi bahasa tulisan yang ditulis dalam huruf Arab-Melayu yang disebut bahasa Jawi atau Jawoe, Bahasa Jawi ditulis dengan huruf Arab ejaan Melayu (gambar terlampir). Pada masa Kerajaan<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>banyak kitab ilmu pengetahuan agama, pendidikan, dan kesusasteraan ditulis dalam bahasa Jawi. Pada makam-makam raja<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>terdapat juga huruf Jawi. Huruf ini dikenal setelah datangnya Islam di<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh</span>. Banyak orang-orang tua<span id="dtx-highlighting-item"> Aceh </span>yang masih bisa membaca huruf Jawi.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>refrensi:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span> http://hanumskamyta.blogspot.com</span></div>fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-8336373348118423212012-01-13T23:47:00.000-08:002012-01-13T23:47:05.103-08:00alternatif penanggulangan masaalah SARA<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mata kuliah Pendidikan Pancasila memberikan penjelasan tentang perlunya diberikan perkuliahan Pancasila dari berbagai sudut pandang, beberapa teori asal mula, fungsi dan kedudukan, hubungannya dengan Pembukaan UUD 1945, pemikiran dan pelaksanaan serta reformasi pemikiran dan pelaksanaan Pancasila. Selain hal tersebut di atas, pada matakuliah Pendidikan Pancasila ini juga dibahas permasalahan aktual dewasa ini khususnya tentang SARA, HAM, krisis ekonomi, dan berbagai pemikiran yang digali dari nilai-nilai Pancasila. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modul-modul matakuliah Pendidikan Pancasila ini disusun berdasarkan Garis Besar Program Pembelajaran yang tertuang dalam Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Departemen Pendidikan Nomor: 265/DIKTI/2000 tentang Penyempurnaan Kurikulum Inti Mata Kuliah Pengembangan Kepribadian Pendidikan Pancasila Pada Perguruan Tinggi di Indonesia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan umum yang ingin dicapai oleh matakuliah Pendidikan Pancasila tertuang dalam Tujuan Instruksional Umum, yaitu mahasiswa diharapkan dapat: </span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memahami landasan diberikannya perkuliahan Pancasila. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memahami pengertian Pancasila. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memahami pengetahuan ilmiah secara umum dan Pancasila sebagai pengetahuan ilmiah. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memahami Pancasila sebagai obyek studi ilmiah. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memahami pengertian teori asal mula. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memahami teori asal mula Pancasila secara budaya, asal mula Pancasila formal, dan dinamika Pancasila sebagai dasar negara. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memahami dan menjelaskan fungsi serta kedudukan Pancasila, baik secara formal yaitu Pancasila sebagai Dasar Negara Indonesia maupun secara material yakni Pancasila sebagai pandangan hidup bangsa. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memahami dan menjelaskan tentang hubungan Pancasila dan Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 maupun kedudukan hakiki Pembukaan UUD 1945. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memahami dan menjelaskan pemikiran dan pelaksanaan Pancasila serta Reformasi pemikiran dan pelaksanaan Pancasila. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memahami dan menjelaskan berbagai permasalahan aktual dewasa ini, khususnya permasalahan SARA, HAM, dan krisis ekonomi serta berbagai pemikiran yang digali dari nilai-nilai Pancasila untuk memecahkan permasalahan tersebut.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beban kredit matakuliah Pendidikan Pancasila adalah 2 sks. Setiap sks mempunyai 3 modul sehingga matakuliah ini mempunyai 6 modul. Keenam judul modul mencerminkan tujuan instruksional umum yang dibahas pada modul tersebut. Adapun judul modul tersebut adalah: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modul 1 : Pancasila dan Pengetahuan Ilmiah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modul 2 : Asal Mula Pancasila </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modul 3 : Fungsi dan Kedudukan Pancasila </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modul 4 : Pancasila dan UUD 1945 </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modul 5 : Pelaksanaan Pancasila </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modul 6 : Pancasila dan Permasalahan Aktual </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan instruksional umum tersebut di atas kemudian dipecah/dirinci lagi dalam satu atau lebih tujuan instruksional khusus. Esensi tujuan instruksional khusus tersebut mencerminkan jenis-jenis perilaku akhir yang seyogianya dapat ditunjukkan oleh para mahasiswa setelah mempelajari modul ini. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keseluruhan pembahasan bahan-bahan kuliah yang terdapat di dalam modul ini penyajiannya diusahakan sesederhana mungkin, terutama untuk hal tertentu yang materinya banyak, akan tetapi tentu saja ada bahan-bahan yang memang belum tertampung dalam modul seluruhnya, untuk pengembangan dan penyajiannya dapat dilihat dari sumber Pustaka lain. Demikin gambaran tentang matakuliah Pendidikan Pancasila. Dengan adanya gambaran ini diharapkan para mahasiswa dapat menyiapkan diri untuk lebih baik. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selamat belajar semoga sukses!</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">===================</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modul 1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PANCASILA DAN PENGETAHUAN ILMIAH</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan Belajar 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">LANDASAN PERKULIAN DAN PENGERTIAN PANCASILA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seluruh warga negara kesatuan Republik Indonesia sudah seharusnya mempelajari, mendalami dan mengembangkannya serta mengamalkan Pancasila dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara sesuai dengan kemampuan masing-masing. Tingkatan-tingkatan pelajaran mengenai Pancasila yang dapat dihubungkan dengan tingkat-tingkat pengetahuan ilmiah. Tingkatan pengetahuan ilmiah yakni pengetahuan deskriptif, pengetahuan kausal, pengetahuan normatif, dan pengetahuan esensial. Pengetahuan deskriptif menjawab pertanyaan bagaimana sehingga bersifat mendiskripsikan, adapun pengetahuan kausal memberikan jawaban terhadap pertanyaan ilmiah mengapa, sehingga mengenai sebab akibat (kausalitas). Pancasila memiliki empat kausa :kausa materialis (asal mula bahan dari Pancasila), kausa formalis (asal mula bentuk), kausa efisien (asal mula karya), dan kausa finalis (asal mula tujuan). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tingkatan pengetahuan normatif merupakan hasil dari pertanyaan ilmiah kemana. Adapun pengetahuan esensial mengajukan pemecahan terhadap pertanyaan apa, (apa sebenarnya), merupakan persoalan terdalam karena diharapkan dapat mengetahui hakikat. Pengetahuan esensial tentang Pancasila adalah untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan tentang inti sari atau makna terdalam dalam sila-sila Pancasila atau secara filsafati untuk mengkaji hakikatnya. Pelajaran atau perkuliahan pada perguruan tinggi, oleh karena itu, tentulah tidak sama dengan pelajaran Pancasila yang diberikan pada sekolah menengah. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tanggung jawab yang lebih besar untuk mempelajari dan mengembangkan Pancasila itu sesungguhnya terkait dengan kebebasan yang dimilikinya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan pendidikan Pancasila adalah membentuk watak bangsa yang kukuh, juga untuk memupuk sikap dan perilaku yang sesuai dengan nilai-nilai dan norma-norma Pancasila. Tujuan perkuliahan Pancasila adalah agar mahasiswa memahami, menghayati dan melaksanakan Pancasila dan UUD 1945 dalam kehidupan sehari-hari sebagai warga negara RI, juga menguasai pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang beragam masalah dasar kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara yang hendak diatasi dengan pemikiran yang berlandaskan Pancasila dan UUD 1945. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan Belajar 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PANCASILA SEBAGAI PENGETAHUAN ILMIAHR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengetahuan dikatakan ilmiah jika memenuhi syarat-syarat ilmiah yakni berobjek, bermetode, bersistem, dan bersifat universal. Berobjek terbagi dua yakni objek material dan objek formal. Objek material berarti memiliki sasaran yang dikaji, disebut juga pokok soal (subject matter) merupakan sesuatu yang dituju atau dijadikan bahan untuk diselidiki. Sedangkan objek formal adalah titik perhatian tertentu (focus of interest, point of view) merupakan titik pusat perhatian pada segi-segi tertentu sesuai dengan ilmu yang bersangkutan. Bermetode atau mempunyai metode berarti memiliki seperangkat pendekatan sesuai dengan aturan-aturan yang logis. Metode merupakan cara bertindak menurut aturan tertentu. Bersistem atau bersifat sistematis bermakna memiliki kebulatan dan keutuhan yang bagian-bagiannya merupakan satu kesatuan yang yang saling berhubungan dan tidak berkontradiksi sehingga membentuk kesatuan keseluruhan. Bersifat universal, atau dapat dikatakan bersifat objektif, dalam arti bahwa penelusuran kebenaran tidak didasarkan oleh alasan rasa senang atau tidak senang, setuju atau tidak setuju, melainkan karena alasan yang dapat diterima oleh akal. Pancasila memiliki dan memenuhi syarat-syarat sebagai pengetahuan ilmiah sehingga dapat dipelajari secara ilmiah. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di samping memenuhi syarat-syarat sebagai pengetahuan ilmiah. Pancasila juga memiliki susunan kesatuan yang logis, hubungan antar sila yang organis, susunan hierarkhis dan berbentuk piramidal, dan saling mengisi dan mengkualifikasi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila dapat juga diletakkan sebagai objek studi ilmiah, yakni pendekatan yang dimaksudkan dalam rangka penghayatan dan pengamalan Pancasila yakni suatu penguraian yang menyoroti materi yang didasarkan atas bahan-bahan yang ada dan dengan segala uraian yang selalu dapat dikembalikan secara bulat dan sistematis kepada bahan-bahan tersebut. Sifat dari studi ilmiah haruslah praktis dalam arti bahwa segala yang diuraikan memiliki kegunaan atau manfaat dalam praktek. Contoh pendekatan ilmiah terhadap Pancasila antara lain: pendekatan historis, pendekatan yuridis konstitutional, dan pendekatan filosofis. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modul 2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ASAL MULA PANCASILA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan Belajar 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">TEORI ASAL MULA PANCASILA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asal mula Pancasila dasar filsafat Negara dibedakan: </span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Causa materialis (asal mula bahan) ialah berasal dari bangsa Indonesia sendiri, terdapat dalam adat kebiasaan, kebudayaan dan dalam agama-agamanya. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Causa formalis (asal mula bentuk atau bangun) dimaksudkan bagaimana Pancasila itu dibentuk rumusannya sebagaimana terdapat pada Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Dalam hal ini BPUPKI memiliki peran yang sangat menentukan. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Causa efisien (asal mula karya) ialah asal mula yang meningkatkan Pancasila dari calon dasar negara menjadi Pancasila yang sah sebagai dasar negara. Asal mula karya dalam hal ini adalah PPKI sebagai pembentuk negara yang kemudian mengesahkan dan menjadikan Pancasila sebagai dasar filsafat Negara setelah melalui pembahasan dalam sidang-sidangnya. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Causa finalis (asal mula tujuan) adalah tujuan dari perumusan dan pembahasan Pancasila yakni hendak dijadikan sebagai dasar negara. Untuk sampai kepada kausan finalis tersebut diperlukan kausa atau asal mula sambungan.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Unsur-unsur Pancasila berasal dari bangsa Indonesia sendiri, walaupun secara formal Pancasila baru menjadi dasar Negara Republik Indonesia pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945, namun jauh sebelum tanggal tersebut bangsa Indonesia telah memiliki unsur-unsur Pancasila dan bahkan melaksanakan di dalam kehidupan mereka. Sejarah bangsa Indonesia memberikan bukti yang dapat kita cari dalam berbagai adat istiadat, tulisan, bahasa, kesenian, kepercayaan, agama dan kebudayaan pada umumnya misalnya: </span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di Indonesia tidak pernah putus-putusnya orang percaya kepada Tuhan, bukti-buktinya: bangunan peribadatan, kitab suci dari berbagai agama dan aliran kepercayaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, upacara keagamaan pada peringatan hari besar agama, pendidikan agama, rumah-rumah ibadah, tulisan karangan sejarah/dongeng yang mengandung nilai-nilai agama. Hal ini menunjukkan kepercayaan Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bangsa Indonesia terkenal ramah tamah, sopan santun, lemah lembut dengan sesama manusia, bukti-buktinya misalnya bangunan padepokan, pondok-pondok, semboyan aja dumeh, aja adigang adigung adiguna, aja kementhus, aja kemaki, aja sawiyah-wiyah, dan sebagainya, tulisan Bharatayudha, Ramayana, Malin Kundang, Batu Pegat, Anting Malela, Bontu Sinaga, Danau Toba, Cinde Laras, Riwayat dangkalan Metsyaha, membantu fakir miskin, membantu orang sakit, dan sebagainya, hubungan luar negeri semisal perdagangan, perkawinan, kegiatan kemanusiaan; semua meng-indikasikan adanya Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bangsa Indonesia juga memiliki ciri-ciri guyub, rukun, bersatu, dan kekeluargaan, sebagai bukti-buktinya bangunan candi Borobudur, Candi Prambanan, dan sebagainya, tulisan sejarah tentang pembagian kerajaan, Kahuripan menjadi Daha dan Jenggala, Negara nasional Sriwijaya, Negara Nasional Majapahit, semboyan bersatu teguh bercerai runtuh, crah agawe bubrah rukun agawe senthosa, bersatu laksana sapu lidi, sadhumuk bathuk sanyari bumi, kaya nini lan mintuna, gotong royong membangun negara Majapahit, pembangunan rumah-rumah ibadah, pembangunan rumah baru, pembukaan ladang baru menunjukkan adanya sifat persatuan. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Unsur-unsur demokrasi sudah ada dalam masyarakat kita, bukti-buktinya: bangunan Balai Agung dan Dewan Orang-orang Tua di Bali untuk musyawarah, Nagari di Minangkabau dengan syarat adanya Balai, Balai Desa di Jawa, tulisan tentang Musyawarah Para Wali, Puteri Dayang Merindu, Loro Jonggrang, Kisah Negeri Sule, dan sebagainya, perbuatan musyawarah di balai, dan sebagainya, menggambarkan sifat demokratis Indonesia; </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam hal Keadilan Sosial Bagi Seluruh Rakyat Indonesia, bangsa Indonesia dalam menunaikan tugas hidupnya terkenal lebih bersifat sosial dan berlaku adil terhadap sesama, bukti-buktinya adanya bendungan air, tanggul sungai, tanah desa, sumur bersama, lumbungdesa, tulisan sejarah kerajaan Kalingga, Sejarah Raja Erlangga, Sunan Kalijaga, Ratu Adil, Jaka Tarub, Teja Piatu, dan sebagainya, penyediaan air kendi di muka rumah, selamatan, dan sebagainya.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila sebenarnya secara budaya merupakan kristalisasi nilai-nilai yang baik-baik yang digali dari bangsa Indonesia. Disebut sebagai kristalisasi nilai-nilai yang baik. Adapun kelima sila dalam Pancasila merupakan serangkaian unsur-unsur tidak boleh terputus satu dengan yang lainnya. Namun demikian terkadang ada pengaruh dari luar yang menyebabkan diskontinuitas antara hasil keputusan tindakan konkret dengan nilai budaya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan Belajar 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ASAL MULA PANCASILA SECARA FORMAL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BPUPKI terbentuk pada tanggal 29 April 1945. Adanya Badan ini memungkinkan bangsa Indonesia dapat mempersiapkan kemerdekaannya secara legal, untuk merumuskan syarat-syarat apa yang harus dipenuhi sebagai negara yang merdeka. Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia dilantik pada tanggal 28 Mei 1945 oleh Gunseikan (Kepala Pemerintahan bala tentara Jepang di Jawa). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Badan penyelidik ini mengadakan sidang hanya dua kali. Sidang pertama tanggal 29 Mei sampai dengan 1 Juni 1945, sedangkan sidang kedua 10 Juli sampai dengan 17 Juli 1945. Pada sidang pertama M. Yamin dan Soekarno mengusulkan tentang dasar negara, sedangkan Soepomo mengenai paham negara integralistik. Tindak lanjut untuk membahas mengenai dasar negara dibentuk panitia kecil atau panitia sembilan yang pada tanggal 22 Juni 1945 berhasil merumuskan Rancangan mukaddimah (pembukaan) Hukum Dasar, yang oleh Mr. Muhammad Yamin dinamakan Jakarta Charter atau Piagam Jakarta. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sidang kedua BPUPKI menentukan perumusan dasar negara yang akan merdeka sebagai hasil kesepakatan bersama. Anggota BPUPKI dalam masa sidang kedua ini ditambah enam anggota baru. Sidang lengkap BPUPKI pada tanggal 10 Juli 1945 menerima hasil panitia kecil atau panitia sembilan yang disebut dengan piagam Jakarta. Di samping menerima hasil rumusan Panitia sembilan dibentuk juga panitia-panitia Hukum Dasar yang dikelompokkan menjadi tiga kelompok panitia perancang Hukum Dasar yakni: 1) Panitia Perancang Hukum Dasar diketuai oleh Ir. Soekarno dengan anggota berjumlah 19 orang 2) Panitia Pembela Tanah Air dengan ketua Abikusno Tjokrosujoso beranggotakan 23 orang 3) Panitia ekonomi dan keuangan dengan ketua Moh. Hatta, bersama 23 orang anggota. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panitia perancang Hukum Dasar kemudian membentuk lagi panitia kecil Perancang Hukum Dasar yang dipimpin Soepomo. Panitia-panitia kecil itu dalam rapatnya tanggal 11 dan 13 Juli 1945 telah dapat menyelesaikan tugasnya Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan (Dokuritsu Zyunbi Linkai), yang sering disebut Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI). Sidang pertama PPKI tanggal 18 Agustus 1945 berhasil mengesahkan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia dan menetapkan: menyusun Rancangan Hukum Dasar. Selanjutnya tanggal 14 Juli 1945 sidang BPUPKI mengesahkan naskah rumusan panitia sembilan yang dinamakan Piagam Jakarta sebagai Rancangan Mukaddimah Hukum Dasar, dan pada tanggal 16 Juli 1945 menerima seluruh Rancangan </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hukum Dasar yang sudah selesai dirumuskan dan di dalamnya juga memuat Piagam Jakarta sebagai mukaddimah. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hari terakhir sidang BPUPKI tanggal 17 Juli 1945, merupakan sidang penutupan Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia dan selesailah tugas badan tersebut. Pada tanggal 9 Agustus 1945 dibentuk Panita Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI). Sidang pertama PPKI 18 Agustus 1945 berhasil mengesahkan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia dan menetapkan: </span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Piagam Jakarta sebagai rancangan Mukaddimah Hukum Dasar oleh BPUPKI pada tanggl 14 Juli 1945 dengan beberapa perubahan, disahkan sebagai Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rancangan Hukum Dasar yang telah diterima oleh BPUPKI pada tanggal 16 Juli 1945 setelah mengalami berbagai perubahan, disahkan sebagai Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memilih Presiden dan Wakil Presiden yang pertama, yakni Ir. Soekarno dan Drs. Moh. Hatta. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menetapkan berdirinya Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat (KNIP) sebagai Badan Musyawarah Darurat.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sidang kedua tanggal 19 Agustus 1945, PPKI membuat pembagian daerah propinsi, termasuk pembentukan 12 departemen atau kementerian. Sidang ketiga tanggal 20, membicarakan agenda badan penolong keluarga korban perang, satu di antaranya adalah pembentukan Badan Keamanan Rakyat (BKR). Pada 22 Agustus 1945 diselenggarakan sidang PPKI keempat. Sidang ini membicarakan pembentukan Komite Nasional Partai Nasional Indonesia. Setelah selesai sidang keempat ini, maka PPKI secara tidak langsung bubar, dan para anggotanya menjadi bagian Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat (KNIP). Anggota KNIP ditambah dengan pimpinan-pimpinan rakyat dari semua golongan atau aliran dari lapisan masyarakat Indonesia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumusan-rumusan Pancasila secara historis terbagi dalam tiga kelompok. </span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumusan Pancasila yang terdapat dalam sidang-sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia yang merupakan tahap pengusulan sebagai dasar negara Republik Indonesia. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumusan Pancasila yang ditetapkan oleh Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia sebagai dasar filsafat Negara Indonesia yang sangat erat hubungannya dengan Proklamasi Kemerdekaan. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa rumusan dalam perubahan ketatanegaraan Indonesia selama belum berlaku kembali rumusan Pancasila yang terkandung dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dari tiga kelompok di atas secara lebih rinci rumusan Pancasila sampai dikeluarkannya Dekrit Presiden tanggal 5 Juli 1959 ini ada tujuh yakni: </span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumusan dari Mr. Muh. Yamin tanggal 29 Mei 1945, yang disampaikan dalam pidato “Asas dan Dasar Negara Kebangsaan Republik Indonesia” (Rumusan I). </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumusan dari Mr. Muh. Yamin tanggal 29 Mei 1945, yang disampaikan sebagai usul tertulis yang diajukan dalam Rancangan Hukum Dasar (Rumusan II). </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Soekarno, tanggal 1 Juni 1945 sebagai usul dalam pidato Dasar Indonesia Merdeka, dengan istilah Pancasila (Rumusan III). </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Piagam Jakarta, tanggal 22 Juni 1945, dengan susunan yang sistematik hasil kesepakatan yang pertama (Rumusan IV). </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 tanggal 18 Agustus 1945 adalah rumusan pertama yang diakui secara formal sebagai Dasar Filsafat Negara (Rumusan V). </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mukaddimah KRIS tanggal 27 Desember 1949, dan Mukaddimah UUDS 1950 tanggal 17 Agustus 1950 (Rumusan VI). </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><a href="" name="BM2"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rumusan dalam masyarakat, seperti mukaddimah UUDS, tetapi sila keempatnya berbunyi Kedaulatan Rakyat, tidak jelas asalnya (Rumusan VII).</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ol><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modul 3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">FUNGSI DAN KEDUDUKAN PANCASILA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan Belajar 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PANCASILA SEBAGAI DASAR NEGARA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dasar negara merupakan alas atau fundamen yang menjadi pijakan dan mampu memberikan kekuatan kepada berdirinya sebuah negara. Negara Indonesia dibangun juga berdasarkan pada suatu landasan atau pijakan yaitu Pancasila. Pancasila, dalam fungsinya sebagai dasar negara, merupakan sumber kaidah hukum yang mengatur negara Republik Indonesia, termasuk di dalamnya seluruh unsur-unsurnya yakni pemerintah, wilayah dan rakyat. Pancasila dalam kedudukannya seperti inilah yang merupakan dasar pijakan penyelenggaraan negara dan seluruh kehidupan negara Republik Indonesia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila sebagai dasar negara mempunyai arti menjadikan Pancasila sebagai dasar untuk mengatur penyelenggaraan pemerintahan. Konsekuensinya adalah Pancasila merupakan sumber dari segala sumber hukum. Hal ini menempatkan Pancasila sebagai dasar negara yang berarti melaksanakan nilai-nilai Pancasila dalam semua peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Oleh karena itu, sudah seharusnya semua peraturan perundang-undangan di negara Republik Indonesia bersumber pada Pancasila. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila sebagai dasar negara Republik Indonesia mempunyai implikasi bahwa Pancasila terikat oleh suatu kekuatan secara hukum, terikat oleh struktur kekuasaan secara formal, dan meliputi suasana kebatinan atau cita-cita hukum yang menguasai dasar negara (Suhadi, 1998). Cita-cita hukum atau suasana kebatinan tersebut terangkum di dalam empat pokok pikiran Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 di mana keempatnya sama hakikatnya dengan Pancasila. Empat pokok pikiran Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 tersebut lebih lanjut terjelma ke dalam pasal-pasal Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Barulah dari pasal-pasal Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 itu diuraikan lagi ke dalam banyak peraturan perundang-undangan lainnya, seperti misalnya ketetapan MPR, undang-undang, peraturan pemerintah dan lain sebagainya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan Belajar 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PANCASILA SEBAGAI PANDANGAN HIDUP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setiap manusia di dunia pasti mempunyai pandangan hidup. Pandangan hidup adalah suatu wawasan menyeluruh terhadap kehidupan yang terdiri dari kesatuan rangkaian nilai-nilai luhur. Pandangan hidup berfungsi sebagai pedoman untuk mengatur hubungan manusia dengan sesama, lingkungan dan mengatur hubungan manusia dengan Tuhannya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pandangan hidup yang diyakini suatu masyarakat maka akan berkembang secara dinamis dan menghasilkan sebuah pandangan hidup bangsa. Pandangan hidup bangsa adalah kristalisasi nilai-nilai yang diyakini kebenarannya maupun manfaatnya oleh suatu bangsa sehingga darinya mampu menumbuhkan tekad untuk mewujudkannya di dalam sikap hidup sehari-hari. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="BM3"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setiap bangsa di mana pun pasti selalu mempunyai pedoman sikap hidup yang dijadikan acuan di dalam hidup bermasyarakat. Demikian juga dengan bangsa </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indonesia. Bagi bangsa Indonesia, sikap hdup yang diyakini kebenarannya tersebut bernama Pancasila. Nilai-nilai yang terkandung di dalam sila-sila Pancasila tersebut berasal dari budaya masyarakat bangsa Indonesia sendiri. Oleh karena itu, Pancasila sebagai inti dari nilai-nilai budaya Indonesia maka Pancasila dapat disebut sebagai cita-cita moral bangsa Indonesia. Cita-cita moral inilah yang kemudian memberikan pedoman, pegangan atau kekuatan rohaniah kepada bangsa Indonesia di dalam hidup bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara. Pancasila di samping merupakan cita-cita moral bagi bangsa Indonesia, juga sebagai perjanjian luhur bangsa Indonesia. Pancasila sebagaimana termuat dalam Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 adalah hasil kesepakatan bersama bangsa Indonesia yang pada waktu itu diwakili oleh PPKI. Oleh karena Pancasila merupakan kesepakatan bersama seluruh masyarakat Indonesia maka Pancasila sudah seharusnya dihormati dan dijunjung tinggi. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modul 4</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PANCASILA DAN PEMBUKAAN UUD’45</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan Belajar 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">HUBUNGAN PANCASILA DAN PEMBUKAAN UUD’45</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hubungan Secara Formal antara Pancasila dan Pembukaan UUD 1945: bahwa rumusan Pancasila sebagai dasar negara Indonesia adalah seperti yang tercantum dalam Pembukaan UUD’45; bahwa Pembukaan UUD’45 berkedudukan dan berfungsi selain sebagai Mukadimah UUD’45 juga sebagai suatu yang bereksistensi sendiri karena Pembukaan UUD’45 yang intinya Pancasila tidak tergantung pada batang tubuh UUD’45, bahkan sebagai sumbernya; bahwa Pancasila sebagai inti Pembukaan UUD’45 dengan demikian mempunyai kedudukan yang kuat, tetap, tidak dapat diubah dan terlekat pada kelangsungan hidup Negara RI. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hubungan Secara Material antara Pancasila dan PembukaanUUD 1945: Proses Perumusan Pancasila: sidang BPUPKI membahas dasar filsafat Pancasila, baru kemudian membahas Pembukaan UUD’45; sidang berikutnya tersusun Piagam Jakarta sebagai wujud bentuk pertama Pembukaan UUD’45. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan Belajar 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KEDUDUKAN HAKIKI PEMBUKAAN UUD’45</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 memiliki kedudukan yang sangat penting bagi kelangsungan hidup bangsa Indonesia karena terlekat pada proklamasi 17 Agustus 1945, sehingga tidak bisa dirubah baik secara formal maupun material. Adapun kedudukan hakiki Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 adalah pertama; Pembukaaan Undang-Undang Dasar memiliki kedudukan hakiki sebagai pernyataan kemerdekaan yang terperinci, yaitu proklamasi kemerdekaan yang singkat dan padat 17 Agustus 1945 itu ditegaskan dan dijabarkan lebih lanjut dalam Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kedudukan hakiki Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 yang kedua adalah bahwa Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 mengandung dasar, rangka dan suasana bagi negara dan tertib hukum Indonesia. Maksudnya adalah Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 merupakan pengejawantahan dari kesadaran dan cita-cita hukum serta cita-cita moral rakyat Indonesia yang luhur (Suhadi, 1998). Kedudukan hakiki Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 yang ketiga adalah bahwa Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 memuat sendi-sendi mutlak bagi kehidupan negara, yaitu tujuan negara, bentuk negara, asas kerohanian negara, dan pernyataan tentang pembentukan UUD. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="BM4"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kedudukan hakiki Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 yang terakhir adalah bahwa Pembukaan UUD 1945 mengandung adanya pengakuan terhadap hukum kodrat, hukum Tuhan dan adanya hukum etis atau hukum moral. Di dalam Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 terdapat unsur-unsur, bentuk-bentuk maupun sifat-sifat yang me-mungkinkan tertib hukum negara Indonesia mengenal adanya hukum-hukum tersebut. Semua unsur hukum itu merupakan sumber bahan dan sumber nilai bagi negara dan hukum positif </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indonesia. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modul 5</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PELAKSANAAN PANCASILA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan Belajar 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PEMIKIRAN DAN PELAKSANAAN PANCASILA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berbagai bentuk penyimpangan terhadap pemikiran dan pelaksana-an Pancasila terjadi karena dilanggarnya prinsip-prinsip yang perlu diperhatikan. Prinsip-prinsip itu dapat dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu prinsip ditinjau dari segi intrinsik (ke dalam) dan prinsip ditinjau dari segi ekstrinsik (ke luar). Pancasila dari segi intrinsik harus konsisten, koheren, dan koresponden, sementara dari segi ekstrinsik Pancasila harus mampu menjadi penyalur dan penyaring kepentingan horisontal maupun vertikal. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada beberapa pendapat yang mencoba menjawab jalur-jalur apa yang dapat digunakan untuk memikirkan dan melaksanakan Pancasila. Pranarka (1985) menjelaskan adanya dua jalur formal pemikiran Pancasila, yaitu jalur pemikiran politik kenegaraan dan jalur pemikiran akademis. Sementara Profesor Notonagoro (1974) menjelaskan adanya dua jalur pelaksanaan Pancasila, yaitu jalur objektif dan subjektif. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejarah perkembangan pemikiran Pancasila menunjukkan adanya kompleksitas permasalahan dan heteregonitas pandangan. Kompleksitas permasalahan tersebut meliputi (1) masalah sumber; (2) masalah tafsir; (3) masalah pelaksanaan; (4) masalah apakah Pancasila itu Subject to change; dan (5) problem evolusi dan kompleksitas di dalam pemikiran mengenai pemikiran Pancasila. Permasalahan tersebut mengundang perdebatan yang sarat dengan kepentingan. Pemecahan berbagai kompleksitas permasalahan di atas dapat ditempuh dengan dua jalur, yaitu jalur pemikiran politik kenegaraan, dan jalur pemikiran akademis. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jalur pemikiran kenegaraan yaitu penjabaran Pancasila sebagai ideologi bangsa, Dasar Negara dan sumber hukum dijabarkan dalam berbagai ketentuan hukum dan kebijakan politik. Para penyelenggara negara ini berkewajiban menjabarkan nilai-nilai Pancasila ke dalam perangkat perundang-undangan serta berbagai kebijakan dan tindakan. Tujuan penjabaran Pancasila dalam konteks ini adalah untuk mengambil keputusan konkret dan praktis. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah memandang hukum sebagai metodologi, sebagaimana yang telah diatur oleh UUD. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Permasalahan mengenai Pancasila tidak semuanya dapat dipecahkan melalui jalur politik kenegaraan semata, melainkan memerlukan jalur lain yang membantu memberikan kritik dan saran bagi pemikiran Pancasila, jalur itu adalah jalur akademis, yaitu dengan pendekatan ilmiah, ideologis, theologis, maupun filosofis. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemikiran politik kenegaraan tujuan utamanya adalah untuk pengambilan keputusan atau kebijakan, maka lebih mengutamakan aspek pragmatis, sehingga kadang-kadang kurang memperhatikan aspek koherensi, konsistensi, dan korespondensi. Akibatnya kadang berbagai kebijakan justru kontra produktif dan bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai Pancasila. Dengan demikian pemikiran akademis berfungsi sebagai sumber bahan dan kritik bagi pemikiran politik kenegaraan. Sebaliknya kasus-kasus yang tidak dapat dipecahkan oleh para pengambil kebijakan merupakan masukan yang berharga bagi pengembangan pemikiran akademis. Setiap pemikiran akademis belum tentu dapat diterapkan dalam kebijakan politik kenegaraan, sebaliknya setiap kebijakan politik kenegaraan belum tentu memiliki validitas atau tingkat kesahihan yang tinggi jika diuji secara akademis. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jalur pemikiran ini sangat terkait dengan jalur pelaksanaan. Pelaksanaan Pancasila dapat diklasifikasikan dalam dua jalur utama, yaitu pelaksanaan objektif dan subjektif, yang keduanya merupakan satu kesatuan yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelaksanaan objektif adalah pelaksanaan dalam bentuk realisasi nilai-nilai Pancasila pada setiap aspek penyelenggaraan negara, baik di bidang legislatif, eksekutif, maupun yudikatif, dan semua bidang kenegaraan dan terutama realisasinya dalam bentuk peraturan perundang-undangan negara Indonesia. Pelaksanaan subjektif, artinya pelaksanaan dalam pribadi setiap warga negara, setiap individu, setiap penduduk, setiap penguasa dan setiap orang Indonesia. Menurut Notonagoro pelaksanaan Pancasila secara subjektif ini memegang peranan sangat penting, karena sangat menentukan keberhasilan atau kegagalan pelaksanaan Pancasila. Pelaksanaan subjektif ini menurut Notonagoro dibentuk secara berangsur-angsur melalui proses pendidikan, baik pendidikan formal, non formal, maupun informal di lingkungan keluarga dan masyarakat. Hasil yang akan diperoleh berupa pengetahuan, kesadaran, ketaatan, kemampuan dan kebiasaan, mentalitas, watak dan hati nurani yang dijiwai oleh Pancasila. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebaik apa pun produk perundang-undangan, jika tidak dilaksanakan oleh para penyelenggara negara maka tidak akan ada artinya, sebaliknya sebaik apa pun sikap mental penyelenggara negara namun tidak didukung oleh sistem dan struktur yang kondusif maka tidak akan menghasilkan sesuatu yang maksimal. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelaksanaan Pancasila secara objektif sebagai Dasar Negara membawa implikasi wajib hukum, artinya ketidaktaatan pada Pancasila dalam artian ini dapat dikenai sanksi yang tegas secara hukum, sedangkan pelaksanaan Pancasila secara subjektif membawa implikasi wajib moral. Artinya sanksi yang muncul lebih sebagai sanksi dari hati nurani atau masyarakat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan Belajar 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">REFORMASI PEMIKIRAN DAN PELAKSANAAN PANCASILA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reformasi secara sempit dapat diartikan sebagai menata kembali keadaan yang tidak baik menjadi keadaan yang lebih baik. Reformasi kadang disalahartikan sebagai suatu gerakan demonstrasi yang radikal, “semua boleh”, penjarahan atau “pelengseran” penguasa tertentu. Beberapa catatan penting yang harus diperhatikan agar orang tidak salah mengartikan reformasi, antara lain sebagai berikut. </span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reformasi bukan revolusi </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reformasi memerlukan proses </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reformasi memerlukan perubahan dan berkelanjutan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reformasi menyangkut masalah struktural dan kultural </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reformasi mensyaratkan adanya skala prioritas dan agenda </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reformasi memerlukan arah</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berbagai faktor yang mendorong munculnya gerakan reformasi antara lain: Pertama, akumulasi kekecewaan masyarakat terutama ketidakadilan di bidang hukum, ekonomi dan politik; kedua, krisis ekonomi yang tak kunjung selesai; ketiga, bangkitnya kesadaran demokrasi, keempat, merajalelanya praktek KKN, kelima, kritik dan saran perubahan yang tidak diperhatikan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gerakan reformasi menuntut reformasi total, artinya memperbaiki segenap tatanan kehidupan bernegara, baik bidang hukum, politik, ekonomi, sosial-budaya, hankam dan lain-lain. Namun pada masa awal gerakan reformasi, agenda yang mendesak untuk segera direalisasikan antara lain: pertama, mengatasi krisis; kedua, melaksanakan reformasi, dan ketiga melanjutkan pembangunan. Untuk dapat menjalankan agenda reformasi tersebut dibutuhkan acuan nilai, dalam konteks ini relevansi Pancasila menarik untuk dibicarakan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Eksistensi Pancasila dalam reformasi di tengah berbagai tuntutan dan euforia reformasi ternyata masih dianggap relevan, dengan pertimbangan, antara lain: pertama, Pancasila dianggap merupakan satu-satunya aset nasional yang tersisa dan diharapkan masih dapat menjadi perekat tali persatuan yang hampir koyak. Keyakinan ini didukung oleh peranan Pancasila sebagai pemersatu, hal ini telah terbukti secara historis dan sosiologis bangsa Indonesia yang sangat plural baik ditinjau dari segi etnis, geografis, maupun agama. Kedua, Secara yuridis, Pancasila merupakan Dasar Negara, jika dasar negara berubah, maka berubahlah negara itu. Hal ini didukung oleh argumentasi bahwa para pendukung gerakan reformasi yang tidak menuntut mengamandemen Pembukaan UUD 1945 yang di sana terkandung pokok-pokok pikiran Pembukaan UUD 1945 yang merupakan perwujudan nilai-nilai Pancasila. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kritik paling mendasar yang dialamatkan pada Pancasila adalah tidak satunya antara teori dengan kenyataan, antara pemikiran dengan pelaksanaan. Maka tuntutan reformasi adalah meletakkan Pancasila dalam satu kesatuan antara pemikiran dan pelaksanaan. Gerakan reformasi mengkritik kecenderungan digunakannya Pancasila sebagai alat kekuasaan, akhirnya hukum diletakkan di bawah kekuasaan. Pancasila dijadikan mitos dan digunakan untuk menyingkirkan kelompok lain yang tidak sepaham. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa usulan yang masih dapat diperdebatkan namun kiranya penting bagi upaya mereformasi pemikiran Pancasila, antara lain: Pertama, mengarahkan pemikiran Pancasila yang cenderung abstrak ke arah yang lebih konkret. Kedua, mengarahkan pemikiran dari kecenderungan yang sangat ideologis (untuk legitimasi kekuasaan) ke ilmiah. Ketiga, mengarahkan pemikiran Pancasila dari kecenderungan subjektif ke objektif, yaitu dengan menggeser pemikiran dengan menghilangkan egosentrisme pribadi, kelompok, atau partai, dengan menumbuhkan kesadaran pluralisme, baik pluralisme sosial, politik, budaya, dan agama. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berbagai bentuk penyimpangan, terutama dalam pemikiran politik kenegaraan dan dalam pelaksanaannya dimungkinkan terjadi karena beberapa hal, di antaranya, antara lain: Pertama, adanya gap atau ketidakkonsisten dalam pembuatan hukum atau perundang-undangan dengan filosofi, asas dan norma hukumnya. Ibarat bangunan rumah, filosofi, asas dan norma hukum adalah pondasi, maka undang-undang dasar dan perundang-undangan lain di bawahnya merupakan bangunan yang dibangun di luar pondasi. Kenyataan ini membawa implikasi pada lembaga-lembaga tertinggi dan tinggi negara tidak dapat memerankan fungsinya secara optimal. Para ahli hukum mendesak untuk diadakan amandemen UUD 1945 dan mengembangkan dan mengoptimalkan lembaga judicial review yang memiliki independensi untuk menguji secara substansial dan prosedural suatu produk hukum. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kedua, Kelemahan yang terletak pada para penyelenggara negara adalah maraknya tindakan kolusi, korupsi dan nepotisme, serta pemanfaatan hukum sebagai alat legitimasi kekuasaan dan menyingkirkan lawan-lawan politik dan ekonomisnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="BM5"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sosialisasi Pancasila juga mendapat kritik tajam di era reformasi, sehingga keluarlah Tap MPR No. XVIII/MPR/1998 untuk mencabut Tap MPR No. II/MPR/1978 tentang P-4. Berbagai usulan pemikiran tentang sosialisasi Pancasila itu antara lain: menghindari jargon-jargon yang tidak berakar dari realitas konkret dan hanya menjadi kata-kata kosong tanpa arti, sebagai contoh slogan tentang “Kesaktian Pancasila”, slogan bahwa masyarakat Indonesia dari dulu selalu berbhineka tunggal ika, padahal dalam kenyataan bangsa Indonesia dari dulu juga saling bertempur, melaksanakan Pancasila secara murni dan konsekuen, dan lain-lain. Menghindari pemaknaan Pancasila sebagai proposisi pasif dan netral, tetapi lebih diarahkan pada pemaknaan yang lebih operasional, contoh: Pancasila hendaknya dibaca sebagai kalimat kerja aktif, seperti masyarakat dan negara </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indonesia harus ….. mengesakan Tuhan, memanusiakan manusia agar lebih adil dan beradab, mempersatukan Indonesia, memimpin rakyat dengan hikmat/kebijaksanaan dalam suatu proses permusyawaratan perwakilan, menciptakan keadilan bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia. Sosialisasi diharapkan juga dalam rangka lebih bersifat mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa, bukan membodohkannya sebagaimana yang terjadi pada penataran-penataran P-4, sehingga sosialisasi lebih kritis, partisipatif, dialogis, dan argumentatif. </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Modul 6</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PANCASILA DAN PERMASALAHAN AKTUAL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan Belajar 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PANCASILA DAN PERMASALAHAN SARA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konflik itu dapat berupa konflik vertikal maupun horisontal. Konflik vertikal misalnya antara si kuat dengan si lemah, antara penguasa dengan rakyat, antara mayoritas dengan minoritas, dan sebagainya. Sementara itu konflik horisontal ditunjukkan misalnya konflik antarumat beragama, antarsuku, atarras, antargolongan dan sebagainya. Jurang pemisah ini merupakan potensi bagi munculnya konflik. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Data-data empiris menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang tersusun atas berbagai unsur yang sangat pluralistik, baik ditinjau dari suku, agama, ras, dan golongan. Pluralitas ini di satu pihak dapat merupakan potensi yang sangat besar dalam pembangunan bangsa, namun di lain pihak juga merupakan sumber potensial bagi munculnya berbagai konflik yang mengarah pada disintegrasi bangsa. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada prinsipnya Pancasila dibangun di atas kesadaran adanya kompleksitas, heterogenitas atau pluralitas kenyataan dan pandangan. Artinya segala sesuatu yang mengatasnamakan Pancasila tetapi tidak memperhatikan prinsip ini, maka akan gagal. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berbagai ketentuan normatif tersebut antara lain: Pertama, Sila ke-3 Pancasila secara eksplisit disebutkan “Persatuan Indonesia“. Kedua, Penjelasan UUD 1945 tentang Pokok-pokok Pikiran dalam Pembukaan terutama pokok pikiran pertama. Ketiga, Pasal-Pasal UUD 1945 tentang Warga Negara, terutama tentang hak-hak menjadi warga negara. Keempat, Pengakuan terhadap keunikan dan kekhasan yang berasal dari berbagai daerah di Indonesia juga diakui, (1) seperti yang terdapat dalam penjelasan UUD 1945 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah yang mengakui kekhasan daerah, (2) Penjelasan Pasal 32 UUD 1945 tentang puncak-puncak kebudayaan daerah dan penerimaan atas budaya asing yang sesuai dengan budaya Indonesia; (3) penjelasan Pasal 36 tentang peng-hormatan terhadap bahasa-bahasa daerah. Kiranya dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara normatif, para founding fathers negara Indonesia sangat menjunjung tinggi pluralitas yang ada di dalam bangsa Indonesia, baik pluralitas pemerintahan daerah, kebudayaan, bahasa dan lain-lain. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Justru pluralitas itu merupakan aset yang sangat berharga bagi kejayaan bangsa. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa prinsip yang dapat digali dari Pancasila sebagai alternatif pemikiran dalam rangka menyelesaikan masalah SARA ini antara lain: Pertama, Pancasila merupakan paham yang mengakui adanya pluralitas kenyataan, namun mencoba merangkumnya dalam satu wadah ke-indonesiaan. Kesatuan tidak boleh menghilangkan pluralitas yang ada, sebaliknya pluralitas tidak boleh menghancurkan persatuan Indonesia. Implikasi dari paham ini adalah berbagai produk hukum dan perundangan yang tidak sejalan dengan pandangan ini perlu ditinjau kembali, kalau perlu dicabut, karena jika tidak akan membawa risiko sosial politik yang tinggi. Kedua, sumber bahan Pancasila adalah di dalam tri prakara, yaitu dari nilai-nilai keagamaan, adat istiadat dan kebiasaan dalam kehidupan bernegara yang diterima oleh masyarakat. Dalam konteks ini pemikiran tentang toleransi, kerukunan, persatuan, dan sebagainya idealnya digali dari nilai-nilai agama, adat istiadat, dan kebiasaan kehidupan bernegera yang diterima oleh masyarakat </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan Belajar 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PANCASILA DAN PERMASALAHAN HAM</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hak asasi manusia menurut Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, adalah hak yang melekat pada kemanusiaan, yang tanpa hak itu mustahil manusia hidup sebagaimana layaknya manusia. Dengan demikian eksistensi hak asasi manusia dipandang sebagai aksioma yang bersifat given, dalam arti kebenarannya seyogianya dapat dirasakan secara langsung dan tidak memerlukan penjelasan lebih lanjut (Anhar Gonggong, dkk., 1995: 60). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masalah HAM merupakan masalah yang kompleks, setidak-tidaknya ada tiga masalah utama yang harus dicermati dalam membahas masalah HAM, antara lain: Pertama, HAM merupakan masalah yang sedang hangat dibicarakan, karena (1) topik HAM merupakan salah satu di antara tiga masalah utama yang menjadi keprihatinan dunia. Ketiga topik yang memprihatinkan itu antara lain: HAM, demokratisasi dan pelestarian lingkungan hidup. (2) Isu HAM selalu diangkat oleh media massa setiap bulan Desember sebagai peringatan diterimanya Piagam Hak Asasi Manusia oleh Sidang Umum PBB tanggal 10 Desember 1948. (3) Masalah HAM secara khusus kadang dikaitkan dengan hubungan bilateral antara negara donor dan penerima bantuan. Isu HAM sering dijadikan alasan untuk penekanan secara ekonomis dan politis. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kedua, HAM sarat dengan masalah tarik ulur antara paham universalisme dan partikularisme. Paham universalisme menganggap HAM itu ukurannya bersifat universal diterapkan di semua penjuru dunia. Sementara paham partikularisme memandang bahwa setiap bangsa memiliki persepsi yang khas tentang HAM sesuai dengan latar belakang historis kulturalnya, sehingga setiap bangsa dibenarkan memiliki ukuran dan kriteria tersendiri. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketiga, Ada tiga tataran diskusi tentang HAM, yaitu (1) tataran filosofis, yang melihat HAM sebagai prinsip moral umum dan berlaku universal karena menyangkut ciri kemanusiaan yang paling asasi. (2) tataran ideologis, yang melihat HAM dalam kaitannya dengan hak-hak kewarganegaraan, sifatnya partikular, karena terkait dengan bangsa atau negara tertentu. (3) tataran kebijakan praktis sifatnya sangat partikular karena memperhatikan situasi dan kondisi yang sifatnya insidental. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pandangan bangsa Indonesia tentang Hak asasi manusia dapat ditinjau dapat dilacak dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945, Batang Tubuh UUD 1945, Tap-Tap MPR dan Undang-undang. Hak asasi manusia dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945 masih bersifat sangat umum, uraian lebih rinci dijabarkan dalam Batang Tubuh UUD 1945, antara lain: Hak atas kewarganegaraan (pasal 26 ayat 1, 2); Hak kebebasan beragama (Pasal 29 ayat 2); Hak atas kedudukan yang sama di dalam hukum dan pemerintahan (Pasal 27 ayat 1); Hak atas kebebasan berserikat, berkumpul dan mengeluarkan pendapat (Pasal 28); Hak atas pendidikan (Pasal 31 ayat 1, 2); Hak atas kesejahteraan sosial (Pasal 27 ayat 2, Pasal 33 ayat 3, Pasal 34). Catatan penting berkaitan dengan masalah HAM dalam UUD 1945, antara lain: pertama, UUD 1945 dibuat sebelum dikeluarkannya Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tahun 1948, sehingga tidak secara eksplisit menyebut Hak asasi manusia, namun yang disebut-sebut adalah hak-hak warga negara. Kedua, Mengingat UUD 1945 tidak mengatur ketentuan HAM sebanyak pengaturan konstitusi RIS dan UUDS 1950, namun mendelegasikan pengaturannya dalam bentuk Undang-undang yang diserahkan kepada DPR dan Presiden. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masalah HAM juga diatur dalam Ketetapan MPR No. XVII/MPR/1998 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia. Tap MPR ini memuat Pandangan dan Sikap Bangsa Indonesia terhadap Hak Asasi Manusia serta Piagam Hak Asasi Manusia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada bagian pandangan dan sikap bangsa Indonesia terhadap hak asasi manusia, terdiri dari pendahuluan, landasan, sejarah, pendekatan dan substansi, serta pemahaman hak asasi manusia bagi bangsa Indonesia. Pada bagian Piagam Hak Asasi Manusia terdiri dari pembukaan dan batang tubuh yang terdiri dari 10 bab 44 pasal </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada pasal-pasal Piagam HAM ini diatur secara eksplisit antara lain: </span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hak untuk hidup </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hak berkeluarga dan melanjutkan keturunan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hak mengembangkan diri </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hak keadilan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hak kemerdekaan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hak atas kebebasan informasi </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hak keamanan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hak kesejahteraan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kewajiban menghormati hak orang lain dan kewajiban membela negara </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hak perlindungan dan pemajuan.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Catatan penting tentang ketetapan MPR tentang HAM ini adalah Tap ini merupakan upaya penjabaran lebih lanjut tentang HAM yang bersumber pada UUD 1945 dengan mempertimbangkan Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan Belajar 3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PANCASILA DAN KRISIS EKONOMI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang telah terjadi pada masa Orba ternyata tidak berkelanjutan karena terjadinya berbagai ketimpangan ekonomi yang besar, baik antargolongan, antara daerah, dan antara sektor akhirnya melahirkan krisis ekonomi. Krisis ini semula berawal dari perubahan kurs dolar yang begitu tinggi, kemudian menjalar ke krisis ekonomi, dan akhirnya krisis kepercayaan pada segenap sektor tidak hanya ekonomi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegagalan ekonomi ini disebabkan antara lain oleh tidak diterapkannya prinsip-prinsip ekonomi dalam kelembagaan, ketidak- merataan ekonomi, dan lain-lain. yang juga dipicu dengan maraknya praktek monopoli, Kolusi, Korupsi, dan Nepotisme oleh para penyelenggara negara </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem ekonomi Indonesia yang mendasarkan diri pada filsafat Pancasila serta konstitusi UUD 1945, dan landasan operasionalnya GBHN sering disebut Sistem Ekonomi Pancasila. Prinsip-prinsip yang dikembangkan dalam Sistem Ekonomi Pancasila antara lain: mengenal etik dan moral agama, tidak semata-mata mengejar materi. mencerminkan hakikat kemusiaan, yang memiliki unsur jiwa-raga, sebagai makhluk individu-sosial, sebagai makhluk Tuhan-pribadi mandiri. Sistem demikian tidak mengenal eksploitasi manusia atas manusia, menjunjung tinggi kebersamaan, kekeluargaan, dan kemitraan, mengutamakan hajat hidup rakyat banyak, dan menitikberatkan pada kemakmuran masyarakat bukan kemakmuran individu. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="" name="BM6"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem ekonomi Pancasila dibangun di atas landasan konstitusional UUD 1945, pasal 33 yang mengandung ajaran bahwa (1) Roda kegiatan ekonomi bangsa digerakkan oleh rangsangan-rangsangan ekonomi, sosial, dan moral; (2) Seluruh warga masyarakat bertekad untuk mewujudkan kemerataan sosial yaitu tidak membiarkan adanya ketimpangan ekonomi dan kesenjangan sosial; (3) Seluruh pelaku ekonomi yaitu produsen, konsumen, dan pemerintah selalu bersemangat nasionalistik, yaitu dalam setiap putusan-putusan ekonominya menomorsatukan tujuan terwujud-nya perekonomian nasional yang kuat dan tangguh; (4) Koperasi dan bekerja secara kooperatif selalu menjiwai pelaku ekonomi warga masyarakat. Demokrasi ekonomi atau ekonomi kerakyatan dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan perwakilan; (5) Perekono-mian nasional yang amat luas terus-menerus diupayakan adanya keseimbangan antara perencanaan nasional dengan peningkatan desentralisasi serta otonomi daerah. hanya melalui partisipasi daerah secara aktif aturan main keadilan ekonomi dapat berjalan selanjutnya menghasilkan suatu keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia. </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Refrensi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://vivixtopz.wordpress.com</span></div>fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-48567018855611601902012-01-13T23:33:00.001-08:002012-01-13T23:33:53.464-08:00integrasi dan pertentangan sosial<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertentangan sosial sering kita temui di dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. Semua itu bisa terjadi dikarenakan perbedaan kepentingan antara individu atau kelompok yang satu dengan individu atau kelompok yang lainnya. Misalnya saja tawuran, perilaku tersebut sangat sering terjadi dikalangin pelajar maupun warga masyarakat. Biasanya didasari oleh perbedaan kepentingan dan keinginan individu atau kelompok untuk menguasai hal-hal tertentu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konflik mengandung pengertian tingkah laku yang lebih luas daripada yang biasa dibayangkan orang dengan mengartikannya sebagai pertentangan yang kasar. Terdapat tiga elemen dasar yang merupakan ciri dasar dari suatu konflik, yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terdapatnya dua atau lebih unit-unit atau baigan-bagianyang terlibat didalam konflik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Unit-unit tersebut mempunyai perbedaan-perbedaan yang tajam dalam kebutuhan-kebutuhan, tujuan-tujuan, masalah-masalah, nilai-nilai, sikap-sikap, maupun gagasan-gagasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terdapatnya interaksi di antara bagian-bagian yang mempunyai perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Konflik merupakan suatu tingkah laku yang dibedakan dengan emosi-emosi tertentu yang sering dihubungkan dengan kebencian atau permusuhan, konflik dapat terjadi pada lingkungan diri sendiri, kelompok, dan masyarakat. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada taraf di dalam diri seseorang, konflik menunjuk kepada adanya pertentangan, ketidakpastian, atau emosi emosi dan dorongan yang antagonistic didalam diri seseorang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada taraf kelompok, konflik ditimbulkan dari konflik yang terjadi dalam diri individu, dari perbedaan-perbedaan pada para anggota kelompok dalam tujuan-tujuan, nilai-nilai, dan norma-norma, motivasi-motivasi mereka untuk menjadi anggota kelompok, serta minat mereka.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pada taraf masyarakat, konflik juga bersumber pada perbedaan di antara nilai-nilai dan norma-norma kelompok dengan nilai-nilai an norma-norma kelompok yang bersangkutan berbeda.Perbedan-perbedaan dalam nilai, tujuan dan norma serta minat, disebabkan oleh adanya perbedaan pengalaman hidup dan sumber-sumber sosio-ekonomis didalam suatu kebudayaan tertentu dengan yang aa dalam kebudayaan-kebudayaan lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun cara pemecahan konflik tersebut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> 1.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Elimination; yaitu pengunduran diri salah satu pihak yang telibat dalam konflik yagn diungkapkan dengan : kami mengalah, kami mendongkol, kami keluar, kami membentuk kelompok kami sendiri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> 2.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Subjugation atau domination, artinya orang atau pihak yang mempunyai kekuatan terbesar dapat memaksa orang atau pihak lain untuk mentaatinya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> 3.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mjority Rule artinya suara terbanyak yang ditentukan dengan voting akan menentukan keputusan, tanpa mempertimbangkan argumentasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> 4.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Minority Consent; artinya kelompok mayoritas yang memenangkan, namun kelompok minoritas tidak merasa dikalahkan dan menerima keputusan serta sepakan untuk melakukan kegiatan bersama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> 5.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Compromise; artinya kedua atau semua sub kelompok yang telibat dalam konflik berusaha mencari dan mendapatkan jalan tengah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> 6.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Integration; artinya pendapat-pendapat yang bertentangan didiskusikan, dipertimbangkan dan ditelaah kembali sampai kelompok mencapai suatu keputusan yang memuaskan bagi semua pihak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masalah besar yang dihadapi Indonesia setelah merdeka adalah integrasi diantara masyarakat yang majemuk. Integrasi bukan peleburan, tetapi keserasian persatuan. Masyarakat majemuk tetap berada pada kemajemukkannya, mereka dapat hidup serasi berdampingan (Bhineka Tunggal Ika), berbeda-beda tetapi merupakan kesatuan. Adapun hal-hal yang dapat menjadi penghambat dalam integrasi:<br />
<br />
1. Tuntutan penguasaan atas wilayah-wilayah yang dianggap sebagai miliknya<br />
2. Isu asli tidak asli, berkaitan dengan perbedaan kehidupan ekonomi antar warga negara Indonesia asli dengan keturunan (Tionghoa,arab)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Agama, sentimen agama dapat digerakkan untuk mempertajam perbedaan kesukuan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Prasangka yang merupakan sikap permusuhan terhadap seseorang anggota golongan tertentu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
Integrasi Sosial adalah merupakan proses penyesuaian unsur-unsur yang berbeda dalam masyarakat menjadi satu kesatuan. Unsur yang berbeda tersebut meliputi perbedaan kedudukan sosial,ras, etnik, agama, bahasa, nilai, dan norma. Syarat terjadinya integrasi sosial antara lain:<br />
<br />
• Anggota masyarakat merasa bahwa mereka berhasil saling mengisi kebutuhan mereka<br />
• Masyarakat berhasil menciptakan kesepakatan bersama mengenai norma dan nilai sosial yang dilestarikan dan dijadikan pedoman<br />
• Nilai dan norma berlaku lama dan tidak berubah serta dijalankan secara konsisten<br />
<br />
Integrasi Internasional merupakan masalah yang dialami semua negara di dunia, yang berbeda adalah bentuk permasalahan yang dihadapinya. Menghadapi masalah integritas sebenarnya tidak memiliki kunci yang pasti karena latar belakang masalah yang dihadapi berbeda, sehingga integrasi diselesaikan sesuai dengan kondisi negara yang bersangkutan, dapat dengan jalan kekerasan atau strategi politik yang lebih lunak. Beberapa masalah integrasi internasional, antara lain:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
1. perbedaan ideologi<br />
2. kondisi masyarakat yang majemuk<br />
3. masalah teritorial daerah yang berjarak cukup jauh<br />
4. pertumbuhan partai politik<br />
<br />
Adapun upaya-upaya yang dilakukan untuk memperkecil atau menghilangkan kesenjangan-kesenjangan itu, antara lain:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• mempertebal keyakinan seluruh warga Negara Indonesia terhadap Ideologi Nasional</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• membuka isolasi antar berbagai kelompok etnis dan antar daerah/pulau dengan membangun saran komunikasi, informasi, dan transformasi<br />
• menggali kebudayaan daerah untuk menjadi kebudayaan nasional<br />
• membentuk jaringan asimilasi bagi kelompok etnis baik pribumi atau keturunan asing</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Opini :</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut saya pertentangan sosial dan integrasi masyarakat yang terjadi di Indonesia merupakan hal yang tidak asing lagi. Hal tersebut terjadi karena beberapa faktor diantaranya perbedaan kepentingan dan ideologi, pertumbuhan politik yang majemuk serta masalah-masalah territorial daerah yang cukup jauh. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertentangan sosial akan mempengaruhi dan menyebabkan perselisihan di sebuah Negara karena akan berdampak kepada pembangunan ekonomi, dan sosial kemasyarakatan.<br />
Perlu mendapatkan perhatian dengan seksama, mengingat bangsa Indonesia terdiri dari berbagai suku bangsa atau masyarakat multi etnik. Agar tidak ada lagi sifat yg menimbulkan pro dan kontra antar sesama bangsa. Karena itu dapat mempengaruhi budaya dan moral bangsa serta masyarakat di negara kita ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Se</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lain</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> itu akan menimbulkan konflik, prasangka dan diskriminasi terhadap masyarakat. Prasangka bersumber dari suatu sikap. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jangan mudah mengambil keputusan tentang perilaku atau tindakan orang lain secara individual, karena setiap orang bisa kita diketahui setelah orang itu bertindak dan berprilaku. Agar tidak ada pikiran yang cenderung kepada diskriminastif atau mengurangi prasangka terhadap orang lain. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Usaha-usaha yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi prasangka dan diskriminasi antara lain:<br />
1.Perbaikan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat<br />
2.Perluasan kesempatan untuk memperoleh pendidikan<br />
3.Sikap terbuka, selektif dan lapang dada terhadap perkembangan zaman</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sumber :</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><a href="http://marifwitjaksono.blogspot.com/2010/11/pertentangan-pertentangan-sosial-dan.html"><i><span style="color: black;">http://marifwitjaksono.blogspot.com/2010/11/pertentangan-pertentangan-sosial-dan.html</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://wasnudin.blogdetik.com/2010/11/26/pertentangan-sosial-dan-integrasi-masyarakat/</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div>fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-59830422262349453262012-01-13T23:29:00.000-08:002012-01-13T23:29:00.376-08:00masyarakat pedesaan dan perkotaan<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MASYARAKAT PEDESAAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<br />
Pembentukan Sosialisme Kemasyarakatan – Pedesaan<br />
<br />
Berat Pelaksanaan untuk merancang Keadaan Sosial – Masyarakat, didasarkan Politik Sosialisme, bermasalah, karena, Sumber sumber Alam, yang dipinta untuk Industrialisasi – Ekonomi, andaikan … Pemerintahan “adalah Kekuasaan”.<br />
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1. Alasan alasan Keuangan ;<br />
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2. Kemampuan kemampuan Pemerintahan “menguasai” atas Wilayah – Daerah ;<br />
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3. De – Politisasi Kekuatan Rakyat,<br />
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Sifat Kepatuhan samadengan Penghambaan, menundukkan Diri karena ada suatu Penguasaan, berdasarkan Pengkhianatan Terhadap Ideologis Kemanusiaan (di Negara), merusak Sosialisme di dalam Struktur Bangunan Sosial – Masyarakat.<br />
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Hak hak Manusia di dalam Masyarakat – Pedesaan untuk berkeluarga, mengerjakan Tani di atas Lahan lahan Pangan, bermukim, dilanggar. Rakyat pun hanya jadi Kumpulan Orang orang untuk melaksanakan Kepentingan kepentingan Perlabaan Individualisme, bersama Kapitalisme – Uang (Negara) dengan mempolitisir Hukum atas Kebangsaan. Makhluk makhluk Buatan Tanpa Rasa Sosial.- Kemanusiaan.<br />
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Maka, Dialektika – Logika Perekonomian – Sosial Rakyat, yang terproses untuk Kelas Masyarakat Pedesaan, menuntut Revolusi, diajukan dalam Keadaan Politik untuk suatu Kenegaraan Sosial.<br />
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<b>HUBUNGAN MASYARAKAT PEDESAAN dan PERKOTAAN</b> (ditinjau dari sosialisasi dan kebutuhannya)<br />
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<b>1.</b> secara umum, masyarakat desa lebih bersosialisasi dengan kepribadian yang sederhana, sedangkan masyarakat perkotaan sosialisasinya sudah kurang dan kepribadiannya beragam.<br />
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<b>2.</b>Masyarakat pedesaan itu lebih bisa bersosialisasi dengan orang orang di sekitarnya. Lihat saja, kalau anda pergi ke suatu kampung, dan anda tanya sama seseorang siapa nama tetangganya, pasti dia hafal. Kalau di kota, kurang dapat bersosialisasi karena masing masing sudah sibuk dengan kepentingannya sendiri2. <br />
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Untuk kepribadian, orang desa lebih terkesan santai karena kerjanya tidak terlalu berat seperti orang kota. Orang kota kebanyakan sedikit stress karena banyaknya target / pencapaian yang harus dicapai dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Keduanya memangagak sulit untuk disatukan / disamakan.<br />
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<b>3.</b>Pola interaksi masyarakat pedesaan adalah dengan prinsip kerukunan, sedang masyarakat perkotaan lebih ke motif ekonomi, politik, pendidikan, dan kadang hierarki.<br />
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Pola interaksi masyarakat pedesaan bersifat horisontal, sedangkan masyarakat perkotaan vertikal.<br />
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Pola interaksi masyarakat kota adalah individual, sedangkan masyarakat desa adalah kebersamaan.<br />
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Pola solidaritas sosial masyarakat pedesaan timbul karena adanya kesamaan-kesamaan kemasyarakatan, sedangkan masyarakat kota terbentuk karena adanya perbedaan-perbedaan yang ada dalam masyarakat.<br />
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<b>4.</b>PEdesaan perilaku sikap dijaga oleh masyarakat bersama dan masyarakat memiliki itikad untuk menjunjung tinggi norma" tersebut, sehingga antara satu sama lain saling menjaga, jika anak seseorang menyalahi aturan maka yang lain akan menegur dan itu dicontohkan secara turun temurun dari zaman nenek moyang hingga sekarang,<br />
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di perkotaan adabnya lain, lo elo, gue gue, kadang di komplek kecil aja, sebelah rumah g kenal siapa tetangganya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Refrensi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://jempoluburubur.blogspot.com</span></div>fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-67458469356864027022012-01-13T23:16:00.000-08:002012-01-13T23:16:17.186-08:00masalah sosial tentang kepemudaan<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anak-anak dan remaja tahapan yang penting dalam pembangunan manusia. Dalam masyarakat kita, kebanyakan anak-anak dan remaja tumbuh dalam lingkungan yang sehat, mengintegrasikan dengan baik ke dalam masyarakat dan mampu memiliki kebutuhan mereka terpenuhi. Mayoritas memperoleh sumber daya yang mereka butuhkan untuk kesehatan, keselamatan, kesejahteraan dan perkembangan dari mereka, keluarga orang tua dan masyarakat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Namun, sebagian kecil anak-anak dan remaja yang sayangnya hidup dalam bencana yang besar. Masalah mereka kadang-kadang cukup berat sehingga menghambat perkembangan mereka serta kemampuan mereka untuk menemukan tempat di masyarakat. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setiap tahun, sekitar 100.000 panggilan ditempatkan untuk <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.acjq.qc.ca/&usg=ALkJrhh_1oWaOSFCf7PfGHEwLi3QeosBZg" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">perlindungan pemuda Quebec pusat</span></a> </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.acjq.qc.ca/&usg=ALkJrhh_1oWaOSFCf7PfGHEwLi3QeosBZg" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: External link" border="0" height="9" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Perancis hanya) oleh orang tua yang berada di ujung tali mereka atau tetangga, guru, petugas polisi dan profesional kesehatan yang memprihatinkan. Dari panggilan tersebut, yang sering menangis untuk membantu, sekitar setengah atau 50.000 dilaporkan ke layanan perlindungan pemuda. Setelah penilaian, sekitar 25.000 akan ditindaklanjuti karena keselamatan atau perkembangan anak dianggap terancam punah. Ketika pusat pemuda tidak dapat mengintervensi karena atau situasi anak anak muda tidak memenuhi persyaratan legislatif, pengguna biasanya dirujuk ke <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.msss.gouv.qc.ca/en/repertoires/csss/&usg=ALkJrhi-Cfy07M3pWxSDoCE20Kb_xqtl1g" title="Konsultasikan Pusat de Sante et de sociaux layanan (CSSS) daftar"><span style="color: blue;">Centre de Sante et sociaux layanan de (CSSS)</span></a> untuk menerima layanan yang mereka butuhkan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Program dan Layanan </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CLSCs menawarkan berbagai layanan untuk anak-anak, remaja dan keluarga mereka. Ini termasuk pencegahan, skrining dan pelayanan intervensi yang berfokus pada masalah berikut: </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterlambatan perkembangan pada anak-anak </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kekerasan dan perilaku agresif anak-anak dan remaja </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegagalan dan putus sekolah Akademik </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kecanduan obat </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masalah kesehatan mental </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyesuaian kesulitan berikut putus keluarga </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hiperaktif </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sulit orang tua / anak hubungan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.msss.gouv.qc.ca/sujets/prob_sante/sante_mentale/index.php%3Fsuicide_en&usg=ALkJrhh1My6I8fimngntBchbJiIRYyACjg" target="_blank" title="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang bunuh diri dan bagaimana untuk mencegahnya"><span style="color: blue;">Bunuh diri</span></a> ideation pada orang muda </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketika keselamatan anak atau perkembangan terganggu, Direktur Perlindungan Pemuda harus melakukan intervensi. Pengabaian, pelecehan seksual intrafamilial, penganiayaan fisik, penelantaran, perampasan kondisi kehidupan material, resiko bahaya moral atau fisik, dan eksploitasi adalah masalah yang membutuhkan intervensi Direktur. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masalah-masalah ini dapat terwujud dalam sejumlah cara: </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seorang anak muda yang diabaikan tidak menerima perawatan kesehatan yang dibutuhkan oleh kondisi mereka </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seorang anak yang, mengingat usia mereka, dibiarkan sendiri tanpa pengawasan untuk jangka waktu yang lama </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seorang korban muda intrafamilial <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.msss.gouv.qc.ca/sujets/prob_sociaux/agression_sexuelle/index.php%3Faccueil&usg=ALkJrhhihkpUvySL0nxuZY0Fp1YcVtnYfA" target="_blank" title="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang pelecehan seksual dan bagaimana bereaksi"><span style="color: blue;">pelecehan seksual</span></a> (Perancis hanya) </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seorang anak diperlakukan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seorang remaja dengan gangguan perilaku yang menempatkan keselamatan mereka pada risiko </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Refrensi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.msss.gouv.qc</span></div>fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-15705364863689025882011-11-13T22:59:00.001-08:002011-11-13T22:59:38.454-08:00kebudayaan suatu daerah<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Jakarta </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artikel ini adalah tentang ibukota Indonesia. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_%28disambiguation%29&usg=ALkJrhhKEZCmXXfXpQca1qg9GUVJgViVeA" title="Jakarta (disambiguasi)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta (disambiguasi)</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 368px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td colspan="2" nowrap="nowrap" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 100.0%;" width="100%"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta <br />
Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Khusus Ibukota Wilayah Jakarta </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 8.4pt 9.6pt 8.4pt 9.6pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Dari atas, kiri ke kanan): </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Old_Town&usg=ALkJrhhwhNS1JmptdamnucBz_-1jKIxh-g" title="Kota Tua Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Old Town</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhgxrIUIitHwi4-R-PT7_2QAOjAKcw" title="Hotel Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bundaran Hotel Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , Jakarta Skyline, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelora_Bung_Karno_Stadium&usg=ALkJrhhK-wuf9jnXOD0Cdhx4Cki61fQnQA" title="Gelora Bung Karno"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelora Bung Karno</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah&usg=ALkJrhjRlp7gxH0Q_7_VwcBeWY4-IDXwIw" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Monument_%28Indonesia%29&usg=ALkJrhg0r5m909GFuir-ESJhvPEikQJLgw" title="Monumen Nasional (Indonesia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monumen Nasional</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merdeka_Palace&usg=ALkJrhgyFdu9UQh_h_FqTJDgxqKnJrJQjg" title="Istana Merdeka"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Istana Merdeka</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque&usg=ALkJrhhWaSLXj8zPwBoY1eRLN2i5V2NCUw" title="Masjid Istiqlal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masjid Istiqlal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 4.8pt 0cm 4.8pt 0cm;"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama (s): The Big Durian </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-0"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[1]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Motto: <i>Jaya Raya</i> ( </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language&usg=ALkJrhjUB9ODsQMTgT4LZDtz5ChsnL7BUA" title="Bahasa Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ) <br />
(Victorious dan Great) </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" border="0" height="6" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="6" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lokasi Jakarta di Indonesia </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt 8.4pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koordinat: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://toolserver.org/%7Egeohack/geohack.php%3Fpagename%3DJakarta%26params%3D6_12_S_106_48_E_type:city%289580000%29_region:ID&usg=ALkJrhhDpXYrHdhn7FTTW5RRbCynYHXKhg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6 ° 12'S 106 ° 48'E</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system&usg=ALkJrhj1rWUbvLEz5NG2yI2zF5L3CI-JcA" title="Sistem koordinat geografis"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koordinat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> : </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://toolserver.org/%7Egeohack/geohack.php%3Fpagename%3DJakarta%26params%3D6_12_S_106_48_E_type:city%289580000%29_region:ID&usg=ALkJrhhDpXYrHdhn7FTTW5RRbCynYHXKhg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6 ° 106 ° 48'E</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12'S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Negara </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhh6z-vRMVPCpi2bVzvxlMuGT35cKQ" title="Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Provinsi </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerintah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Jenis </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhgGPCK0MtqclWxiCu9khZGLgSc0EQ" title="Pembagian administratif di Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Khusus wilayah administrasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Gubernur </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauzi_Bowo&usg=ALkJrhjc0W2EY7qeF4xhZA9xyFYSch_IUw" title="Fauzi Bowo"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fauzi Bowo</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daerah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Kota </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">740,28 km <sup>2</sup> (285,8 mil persegi) </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Tanah </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">662,33 km <sup>2</sup> (255,7 mil persegi) </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Air </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6,977.5 km <sup>2</sup> (2.694 mil persegi) </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketinggian</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7 m (23 ft) </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Populasi</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (2010) </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-jabo1-1"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[2]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9,580,000 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 19;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Kota </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9,580,000 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 20;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Kepadatan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14,464.08 / km <sup>2</sup> (37,461.8 / sq mi) </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 21;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area&usg=ALkJrhiyjSkr_soYqctjZqYumY2-rN-9OQ" title="Wilayah metropolitan"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metro</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">28,020,000 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 22;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br />
</td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-2"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[3]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-JKTPOS-3"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[4]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 23;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone&usg=ALkJrhhiwa6-XBlNcgShH7VlG6K5Ms4h4Q" title="Zona waktu"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zona waktu</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhjHpCKTbjb3KYsS-Kx2mq5ZAGPtYA" title="Waktu di Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">WIB</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ( </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%252B7&usg=ALkJrhj6VakoeNx4y_szoaaQnXuZ6Xxb2A" title="UTC +7"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UTC +7</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ) </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 24;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan&usg=ALkJrhjXHtoFbuAq9Wyc7qXnLHzX2LOWCg" title="Telepon rencana penomoran"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kode area (s)</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">+62 21 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 25; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Situs </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.jakarta.go.id/&usg=ALkJrhjYkkeREiF8aO05vHtgKPKaEDHOiw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">www.jakarta.go.id (situs resmi)</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (pengucapan Inggris: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English&usg=ALkJrhhZwJhyfWq2-WIF0iMffohfpgUZAQ" title="Wikipedia: IPA untuk bahasa Inggris"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">/ d</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ʒ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ək</span><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ɑ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rtə /</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-4"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[5]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language&usg=ALkJrhjUB9ODsQMTgT4LZDtz5ChsnL7BUA" title="Bahasa Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> : </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ltspkr.png&usg=ALkJrhhucVfVl1YAEJHPWqIz7nLNr78zVA"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: Ltspkr.png" border="0" height="10" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="13" /></span></span></a><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Bunyijakarta.ogg" title="Bunyijakarta.ogg"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sebelumnya dikenal sebagai <b>Batavia</b> dan resmi <b>Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta),</b> adalah ibu kota dan kota terbesar di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhh6z-vRMVPCpi2bVzvxlMuGT35cKQ" title="Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Terletak di pantai barat laut </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java&usg=ALkJrhguNIBcvKRERy6jlXh7Of67PoT2-g" title="Jawa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , ini memiliki luas wilayah 661 kilometer persegi (255 sq mi) dan 2010 sensus penduduk hitungan 9.580.000. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-JKTPOS-3"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[4]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Jakarta merupakan pusat ekonomi negara, budaya dan politik. Ini adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population&usg=ALkJrhinNKhGJr7bs5PGt9Wb_lEY7qPxzQ" title="Daftar daerah perkotaan dengan populasi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kota terpadat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di Indonesia dan di Asia Tenggara, dan merupakan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population&usg=ALkJrhi_rbakSMtZ5dxD4vDFq86U7mX60w" title="Daftar kota yang tepat oleh penduduk"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kota terbesar kesepuluh</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di dunia. Daerah perkotaan, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabodetabek&usg=ALkJrhhvpzCRW8NF1gm6rEXh7nfXfbPmdg" title="Jabodetabek"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jabodetabek</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population&usg=ALkJrhinNKhGJr7bs5PGt9Wb_lEY7qPxzQ" title="Daftar daerah perkotaan dengan populasi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terbesar kedua</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di dunia. Jakarta terdaftar sebagai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city&usg=ALkJrhgRmDQV1dXu71wYxDxMarKNQYH00A" title="Kota global yang"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kota global</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam Globalisasi Dunia 2008 dan Kelompok Studi Kota dan Jaringan (GaWC) penelitian. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-5"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[6]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Didirikan pada abad keempat, kota ini menjadi pelabuhan dagang yang penting bagi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sunda&usg=ALkJrhieouFaY7TfpQnvfVeyOmU6gYBfyA" title="Kerajaan Sunda"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerajaan Sunda</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Itu adalah ibukota de facto </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies&usg=ALkJrhgTim7W9cShLaQxWZpanH-q5XgWRQ" title="Hindia Belanda"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hindia Belanda</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan terus menjadi ibu kota </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhh6z-vRMVPCpi2bVzvxlMuGT35cKQ" title="Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , setelah kemerdekaan pada tahun 1945. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kota ini adalah kursi dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN&usg=ALkJrhjRvgO-Zg1q_olQAzKEpKMGYQuIbQ" title="ASEAN"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ASEAN</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sekretariat. Jakarta dilayani oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno-Hatta_International_Airport&usg=ALkJrhjpWTshgawHeZI-qvwdKIUgXIC6Sg" title="Soekarno-Hatta International Airport"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soekarno-Hatta International Airport</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halim_Perdanakusuma_International_Airport&usg=ALkJrhge0LQLj3ZUHAz6jyh80zuQO9T1rQ" title="Bandara Internasional Halim Perdanakusuma"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bandara Internasional Halim Perdanakusuma</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Priok&usg=ALkJrhh6K_dxBR7me7Jz0JG3IRzjz74iPQ" title="Tanjung Priok"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , melainkan terhubung oleh beberapa </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-city_rail&usg=ALkJrhibPRynLrwSs_cS8agEJzasfF40bg" title="Antar-kereta kota"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">antarkota</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail&usg=ALkJrhjHZSwXL17jIBAK8b3gejb11J7uzA" title="Komuter kereta api"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kereta api komuter</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , dan dilayani oleh beberapa </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus&usg=ALkJrhjE8EOw2TBlduoWNPTWKHrmB0eB5Q" title="Bus"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang berjalan di garis dilindungi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_lane&usg=ALkJrhh2upGOZ-XjLs0kQHv97A_Q2GsPWw" title="Bus jalur"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">busway</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Etimologi </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Situs yang kini disebut sebagai Jakarta, telah menjadi rumah bagi beberapa </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_settlement&usg=ALkJrhjLI-JptJYeKR1TGKTj7xWoSDE8bQ" title="Manusia penyelesaian"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">permukiman</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bersama dengan nama masing-masing: <b>Sunda Kelapa</b> (397-1527), <b>Jayakarta</b> (1527-1619), <b>Batavia</b> (1619-1942), dan <b>Djakarta</b> (1942-1972 ). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Namanya sekarang berasal dari kata "Jayakarta". Asal-usul kata ini terletak pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Javanese&usg=ALkJrhiSzKHsGyg1VLFMpj0OoNYRKrUWlw" title="Jawa Kuna"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawa Kuno</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bahasa dan akhirnya dalam </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit&usg=ALkJrhg3iS4JC7zpKD50cuT5jAfFAC9waQ" title="Sansekerta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bahasa Sansekerta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . "Jayakarta" diterjemahkan sebagai "perbuatan menang", "bertindak lengkap", atau "kemenangan". </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta dijuluki <b>Big Durian,</b> karena kota ini dianggap sebagai setara Bahasa Indonesia New York City (Big Apple). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-6"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[7]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artikel utama: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhi2BuspB0Mk_mA-iLWTMp4yhwKydQ" title="Sejarah Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prasasti_tugu.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgfySga21tAE_Op86GZ8Ax8GV_exQ" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abad ke-5 </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugu_inscription&usg=ALkJrhh0Vip8y7jjzMdyBk5KeDOJFKuLXA" title="Prasasti Tugu"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prasasti Tugu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ditemukan di Tugu kabupaten, Jakarta Utara </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DJakarta%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&usg=ALkJrhh-Gt6D9krLco5PssMgnt4PfLfsjQ" title="Sunting bagian: era pra-kolonial">sunting</a> ] Pra-era kolonial </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daerah di dalam dan sekitar kota modern Jakarta adalah bagian dari abad keempat </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_people&usg=ALkJrhgRqxe6plKELiml5jsVezujZITJyQ" title="Orang Sunda"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sunda</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kerajaan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarumanagara&usg=ALkJrhhVhtKPpx--otKrhi6laSG3Z_DRIg" title="Tarumanagara"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tarumanagara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , salah satu yang tertua </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianized_kingdoms&usg=ALkJrhhsa4AxUQwE0qqsgbKfgsMHY8yUeg" title="Indianized kerajaan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kerajaan Hindu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di Indonesia. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-7"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[8]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Setelah penurunan Tarumanagara, wilayah, termasuk wilayah Jakarta, menjadi bagian dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sunda&usg=ALkJrhieouFaY7TfpQnvfVeyOmU6gYBfyA" title="Kerajaan Sunda"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerajaan sunda</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Dari 7 ke port awal abad 13 Sunda berada dalam lingkup pengaruh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya&usg=ALkJrhiXJT-X1YCCJk8rG-7MgYWjlbLJ5g" title="Sriwijaya"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sriwijaya</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kerajaan maritim. Menurut sumber Cina, <i>Chu-fan-chi,</i> yang ditulis sekitar tahun 1200, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chou_Ju-kua&usg=ALkJrhjJQXGiQZT-llt-tMuoFLMeMbArqw" title="Chou Ju-kua"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chou Ju-kua</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dilaporkan di awal abad ke-13 Sriwijaya masih memerintah Sumatera, Semenanjung Malaya, dan Jawa Barat ( </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom&usg=ALkJrhgEFsJivpJFBXZgdSkvyuh3GBRUvw" title="Kerajaan Sunda"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sunda</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ). Sumber laporan pelabuhan Sunda sebagai strategis dan berkembang, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper&usg=ALkJrhgt2hNZjzDKlWBeA92tKDi6dG_0cQ" title="Lada hitam"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lada</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dari Sunda menjadi di antara yang terbaik dalam kualitas. Orang-orang bekerja di bidang pertanian dan rumah-rumah mereka dibangun di atas tumpukan kayu. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-8"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[9]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Daerah dikenal sebagai pelabuhan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Kelapa&usg=ALkJrhgi8oVwvKtVzA2YrXaDaklj9TsL3A" title="Sunda Kelapa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sunda Kelapa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan pada abad keempat belas, itu adalah pelabuhan perdagangan utama untuk Sunda kerajaan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Armada Eropa pertama, empat </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal&usg=ALkJrhhlTHbeOV6IWA7Cq98F4YwG_uOdaQ" title="Portugal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Portugis</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kapal dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca&usg=ALkJrhiyrRwKjagezAOsC-1ZcGUwwO3yHQ" title="Malaka"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Malaka</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , tiba pada tahun 1513 ketika Portugis sedang mencari rute untuk rempah-rempah. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-9"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[10]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kerajaan Sunda </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luso_Sundanese_padr%25C3%25A3o&usg=ALkJrhjSyDA8eHdMfFCiv1yM6gbAX7uN1Q" title="Luso Sunda padrão"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">membuat perjanjian aliansi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan Portugal dengan memungkinkan Portugis untuk membangun pelabuhan di 1522 dalam rangka untuk membela terhadap meningkatnya kekuasaan dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Demak&usg=ALkJrhgTsZlA72uIq61B7iMb3Tho5Gadxg" title="Kesultanan Demak"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesultanan Demak</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dari Jawa Tengah. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-autogenerated2-10"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[11]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pada 1527, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatahillah&usg=ALkJrhgLwwXSKoTBXVXNnfHSHIE0Lej4wA" title="Fatahillah"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fatahillah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , seorang jenderal Jawa dari Demak menyerang dan menaklukkan Sunda Kelapa, mengusir Portugis. Sunda Kelapa diganti namanya menjadi Jayakarta, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-autogenerated2-10"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[11]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan menjadi wilayah kekuasaan dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Banten&usg=ALkJrhjeYp-AYFilibdQGJoCoSYyo5ZnHw" title="Kesultanan Banten"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesultanan Banten</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang menjadi besar di Asia Tenggara pusat perdagangan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andries_Beeckman_-_The_Castle_of_Batavia.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjlpQXINupxJi9lf6ukTY49Ndz9Pg" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kastil Batavia, dilihat dari Kali Besar Barat</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_Beeckman&usg=ALkJrhg7YvJc3x1gONTBy3LxPMi8Sy8G4g" title="Andries Beeckman"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andries Beeckman</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sekitar tahun 1656-58 </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melalui hubungan dengan Pangeran Jayawikarta dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Banten&usg=ALkJrhjeYp-AYFilibdQGJoCoSYyo5ZnHw" title="Kesultanan Banten"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesultanan Banten</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , kapal-kapal Belanda tiba di Jayakarta pada 1596. Pada tahun 1602, dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_East_India_Company&usg=ALkJrhhwoCRFfGnZrANgZnYLk6iNQbkT4A" title="Perusahaan India Timur Inggris"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perusahaan India Timur Inggris</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 's perjalanan pertama, dipimpin oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Lancaster&usg=ALkJrhhw8mmgXY1W7QOY5CZM8-v-cF_iAw" title="Sir James Lancaster"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sir James Lancaster</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , tiba di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh&usg=ALkJrhj4sxc5SEdzzy4dEgLB5Av4v0B-qw" title="Aceh"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aceh</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan berlayar ke Banten di mana mereka diizinkan untuk membangun sebuah pos perdagangan. Situs ini menjadi pusat perdagangan Inggris di Indonesia sampai 1682. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-RICKLEFSp29-11"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[12]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jayawikarta diperkirakan telah membuat hubungan dagang dengan para pedagang Inggris, saingan Belanda, dengan memungkinkan mereka untuk membangun rumah tepat di seberang bangunan Belanda pada tahun 1615. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-1596to1619-12"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[13]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Era Kolonial </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketika hubungan antara Pangeran Jayawikarta dan Belanda memburuk, tentara Jayawikarta diserang benteng Belanda. Pangeran Jayakarta tentara dan Inggris dikalahkan oleh Belanda, di sebagian karena kedatangan tepat waktu </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen&usg=ALkJrhi8LL0bL5YbpTh_Frld1vBX3Y5vAg" title="Jan Pieterszoon Coen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jan Pieterszoon Coen</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (JP Coen). Belanda membakar benteng Inggris, dan memaksa Inggris untuk mundur di kapal mereka. Kemenangan konsolidasi kekuasaan Belanda dan tahun 1619 mereka berganti nama kota "Batavia." </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stadhuis_Batavia,_Jakarta.jpg&usg=ALkJrhgwYOUyfMLabMBjOGOLy37ByNZngQ" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mantan <i>Stadhuis</i> Batavia, kursi Gubernur Jenderal </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company&usg=ALkJrhiTICm9BF1ThbTEFyqquEhQNEXUqQ" title="Perusahaan India Timur Belanda"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VOC</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Bangunan sekarang menjabat sebagai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_History_Museum&usg=ALkJrhh0-0KNKLL5Ivdf0f2BsNgrKta3wA" title="Museum Sejarah Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Museum Sejarah Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Old_Town&usg=ALkJrhhwhNS1JmptdamnucBz_-1jKIxh-g" title="Kota Tua Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Old Town</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> daerah. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batavia_harbour_canal.jpg&usg=ALkJrhg_GIq8X1wGGfYiLOaZD4gMbKjRGg" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batavia c.1870 </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peluang komersial di ibukota koloni Belanda menarik imigran Indonesia dan khususnya Cina. Hal ini meningkatkan populasi tiba-tiba dibuat beban pada kota. Ketegangan tumbuh karena pemerintah kolonial mencoba untuk membatasi migrasi Cina melalui deportasi. Pada tanggal 9 Oktober 1740, 5.000 Cina </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre&usg=ALkJrhjZgfZPT9SV7147RgUm6FXNyU8vSQ" title="Batavia pembantaian 1740"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dibantai</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> oleh Belanda dan tahun berikutnya, penduduk Tionghoa dipindahkan ke </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glodok&usg=ALkJrhgPhwSce02NecE-BXkXnBPnJnhjQQ" title="Glodok"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Glodok</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di luar tembok kota. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-LONELYPLANETp138-139-13"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[14]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kota ini mulai bergerak lebih jauh ke selatan sebagai epidemi pada tahun 1835 dan 1870 mendorong lebih banyak orang untuk bergerak jauh selatan pelabuhan. Koningsplein, sekarang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhip2UUH7JN3jVgX6bo4deydZrfzHA" title="Lapangan Merdeka, Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lapangan Merdeka</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> selesai pada tahun 1818, taman perumahan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteng&usg=ALkJrhgY2qoHgVjHR86fcL9TbBGXsewocg" title="Menteng"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menteng</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dimulai pada tahun 1913, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-14"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[15]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebayoran_Baru&usg=ALkJrhiwyyoF-mbeR6M-Bzf5wrQf7vLeoQ" title="Kebayoran Baru"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebayoran Baru</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah daerah terakhir yang dibangun Belanda-perumahan. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-LONELYPLANETp138-139-13"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[14]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pada tahun 1930 Batavia lebih dari 500.000 penduduk, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-15"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[16 ]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> termasuk 37.067 orang Eropa. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-16"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[17]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selama Perang Dunia II, kota ini berganti nama dari Batavia ke "Jakarta" (bentuk pendek dari Jayakarta) oleh nasionalis Indonesia setelah menaklukkan kota dari Belanda pada tahun 1942 dengan bantuan pasukan Jepang. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-17"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[18]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lihat juga: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_buildings_and_structures_in_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhjj3ipZJKYLbfF77V09MYaQ8xqFqA" title="Daftar bangunan kolonial dan struktur di Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar bangunan kolonial dan struktur di Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Era Kemerdekaan </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah Perang Dunia II, Indonesia menarik diri dari Republik </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II&usg=ALkJrhhCyrjWorm9AwMSs-0r_BLhkmZbPA" title="Sekutu Perang Dunia II"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekutu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang diduduki Jakarta selama </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution&usg=ALkJrhgbp18sh8TB01xWvDJiL_NFNw6pew" title="Revolusi Nasional Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perjuangan mereka untuk kemerdekaan Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan mendirikan ibukota mereka di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta&usg=ALkJrhhkAudTle1Ryq_WaDzaVxrhTHIuWQ" title="Yogyakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yogyakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Pada tahun 1950, setelah kemerdekaan dijamin, Jakarta sekali lagi membuat ibu kota negara. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-LONELYPLANETp138-139-13"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[14]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> presiden pendiri Indonesia, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno&usg=ALkJrhjh6gwrJGi4r6Y9Hb0EQjcXTcDgtg" title="Soekarno"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soekarno</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , membayangkan Jakarta sebagai kota internasional yang besar, dan menghasut besar pemerintah yang didanai proyek dengan terbuka nasionalis dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_architecture&usg=ALkJrhjmaTunfLmwcgDRoCqHncFj6XlPgA" title="Arsitektur modernis"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">arsitektur modernis</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-18"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[19 ]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-19"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[20]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Proyek termasuk jalan raya semanggi daun, sebuah jalan utama (Jalan MH Thamrin-Sudirman), monumen seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monas&usg=ALkJrhgLJmnUac0sK9s2vAkz3-9xbElm-Q" title="Monas"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monumen Nasional</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhgxrIUIitHwi4-R-PT7_2QAOjAKcw" title="Hotel Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hotel Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , pusat perbelanjaan, dan gedung parlemen baru. Pada Oktober 1965, Jakarta adalah lokasi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_September_Movement&usg=ALkJrhgdVwpoH5rQO-Y_iQo7lSHV5DvV5A" title="Gerakan 30 September"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sebuah kudeta yang gagal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> usaha di mana 6 jenderal terbunuh, mempercepat </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_killings_of_1965-66&usg=ALkJrhhSGuVuVzLp4jnLOaWhKN4pLR-d-A" title="Bahasa Indonesia pembunuhan 1965-66"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pembersihan anti-komunis kekerasan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di mana setengah juta tewas, dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order&usg=ALkJrhhq7xdXzsajqtwGbzEC7MZh2rha_A" title="Transisi ke Orde Baru"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">awal Orde Baru Suharto</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Sebuah monumen berdiri </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubang_Buaya&usg=ALkJrhjeGszCf81xG5L3ku3NRh1pVu_Cmg" title="Lubang Buaya"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">di mana tubuh para jenderal dibuang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun 1966, Jakarta dinyatakan sebagai "ibu kota kabupaten khusus" <i>(Daerah Khusus ibukota),</i> sehingga mendapatkan status kurang lebih setara dengan sebuah negara atau provinsi. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-20"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[21]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Letnan Jenderal </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Sadikin&usg=ALkJrhhxKpL0UHcb8xJCAJkeXvRjnJS9gA" title="Ali Sadikin"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ali Sadikin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menjabat sebagai Gubernur dari dimulainya pertengahan-60 dari dengan " </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_Baru&usg=ALkJrhjiO-hVeEUzIuOtfqXaVtLSP05MYQ" title="Orde Baru"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orde Baru</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> "melalui 1977, ia jalan direhabilitasi dan jembatan, mendorong seni, beberapa rumah sakit dibangun, dan sejumlah besar sekolah baru. Dia juga dibersihkan penghuni kawasan kumuh untuk pengembangan proyek baru-beberapa untuk kepentingan keluarga Soeharto </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-21"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[22]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-22"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[23]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> -dan mencoba untuk menghilangkan larangan becak dan pedagang jalanan. Dia mulai mengendalikan migrasi ke kota dalam rangka untuk membendung kepadatan dan kemiskinan. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-23"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[24]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> investasi asing memberikan kontribusi terhadap ledakan real estat yang mengubah wajah kota. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-24"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[25]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Boom berakhir dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Financial_Crisis&usg=ALkJrhgwemLkr3kJBtVX2_lEJjTuozIj8g" title="Krisis Keuangan Asia Timur"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">krisis Timur 1997/98 Ekonomi Asia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menempatkan Jakarta di tengah kekerasan, protes, dan manuver politik. Setelah 32 tahun berkuasa, dukungan dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Suharto&usg=ALkJrhi6uRR_Yh7sBDDU9GMOpua9EpoKuA" title="Presiden Suharto"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Presiden Soeharto</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mulai memudar. Ketegangan mencapai puncaknya ketika siswa empat orang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisakti_shootings&usg=ALkJrhiOWNPfQw8j34mDWFR4s3O0sTvrLA" title="Penembakan Trisakti"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ditembak mati</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisakti_University&usg=ALkJrhhnLdsd4HdjnUUFWQIQbK0NNMyNUw" title="Universitas Trisakti"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Universitas Trisakti</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> oleh pasukan keamanan, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_riots_of_May_1998&usg=ALkJrhhnifc6TUBzUq5CV3aTkEy9SBInwg" title="Jakarta kerusuhan Mei 1998"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">empat hari kerusuhan dan kekerasan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terjadi yang menewaskan sekira 1.200, dan hancur atau rusak 6.000 bangunan. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-25"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[26]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sebagian besar kerusuhan yang ditargetkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian&usg=ALkJrhgRrcgQUAJIt6rDbpsNV3GgbcleoA" title="Tionghoa Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tionghoa Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-26"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[ 27]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Soeharto mengundurkan diri sebagai presiden, dan Jakarta tetap menjadi titik fokus dari perubahan demokratis di Indonesia. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-27"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[28]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiah&usg=ALkJrhhsz7MVNfglL7sjNKBHhVxSMuajig" title="Jemaah Islamiyah"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jemaah Islamiyah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> -terhubung pemboman terjadi hampir setiap tahun di kota antara 2000 dan 2005, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-LONELYPLANETp138-139-13"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[14]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Jakarta_bombings&usg=ALkJrhhikPXB2PHqzuOdfBmezLgrrl6u4Q" title="2009 Jakarta pemboman"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pemboman lain di tahun 2009</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-28"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[29 ]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Administrasi </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kota</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau <i>kotamadya</i> (kota) dan kabupaten Jakarta </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jakarta_subdistrict.png&usg=ALkJrhiesdAS_Ig3V6bn1k_2KIAGMIttlQ" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peta kota-kota ( <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotamadya&usg=ALkJrhhbBUklBYv8TrgakhcJafnT2_D2BQ" title="Kotamadya"><i>kotamadya</i></a> ) DKI Jakarta. Setiap kota dibagi menjadi kecamatan ( <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecamatan&usg=ALkJrhil1hLvdc0I9FZj6ILyiCsVc0RvHA" title="Kecamatan"><i>kecamatan</i></a> ). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara resmi, Jakarta bukanlah kota, tetapi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhgKlpn_Lmldr4R8xGBwUDi7K2r3HA" title="Provinsi di Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">provinsi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan status khusus sebagai ibukota </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhh6z-vRMVPCpi2bVzvxlMuGT35cKQ" title="Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Ia memiliki seorang gubernur (bukan walikota), dan dibagi menjadi beberapa sub-wilayah dengan sistem administrasi mereka sendiri. Sebagai provinsi, nama resmi dari Jakarta adalah <i>Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta</i> ("Ibukota Kabupaten Kota DKI Jakarta"), yang dalam bahasa Indonesia disingkat DKI Jakarta. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta dibagi menjadi lima <i>kota</i> atau <i>kotamadya</i> ("kota" - sebelumnya kotamadya), masing-masing dipimpin oleh walikota - dan satu </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regencies_of_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhhlWsHEcSabPQ3C2Z0hKH5f4OllOg" title="Kabupaten di Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kabupaten</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(kabupaten)</i> dipimpin oleh seorang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent&usg=ALkJrhj5_afWfBl478YlG6La6CQATpEGrQ" title="Bupati"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bupati</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Pada bulan Agustus 2007, Jakarta mengadakan pemilihan umum pertama untuk memilih gubernur, padahal sebelumnya gubernur kota itu ditunjuk oleh rumah lokal perwakilan. Jajak pendapat ini merupakan bagian dari drive desentralisasi negara-lebar, memungkinkan untuk pemilihan lokal langsung di beberapa daerah. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-29"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[30]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kota-kota / kota Jakarta adalah: </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhjoedhiFhT3hC7Lz77zpuxwWnl8EQ" title="Jakarta Pusat"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Pusat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(Jakarta Pusat)</i> adalah kota Jakarta terkecil dan rumah bagi sebagian besar pusat Jakarta administratif dan politik. Hal ini ditandai dengan taman besar dan bangunan-bangunan kolonial Belanda. Landmark termasuk Monumen Nasional ( </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monas&usg=ALkJrhgLJmnUac0sK9s2vAkz3-9xbElm-Q" title="Monas"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monas</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ), para </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque&usg=ALkJrhhWaSLXj8zPwBoY1eRLN2i5V2NCUw" title="Masjid Istiqlal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masjid Istiqlal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , yang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Cathedral&usg=ALkJrhhCXzf9Nyf-1Decd_L-jUlflGl-Vg" title="Katedral Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Katedral Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , dan museum. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-30"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[31]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhg18K9gnbTwwFwfPV0008_yoOfW4w" title="Jakarta Barat"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Barat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(Jakarta Barat)</i> memiliki konsentrasi tertinggi industri skala kecil di Jakarta. Daerah ini termasuk Pecinan di Jakarta dan landmark termasuk bangunan Langgam Cina dan bangunan Toko Merah. Jakarta Barat berisi bagian dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Old_Town&usg=ALkJrhhwhNS1JmptdamnucBz_-1jKIxh-g" title="Kota Tua Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kota Tua Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-31"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[32]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhjaQ374Eqk7TZ-GfvHvDtOF_WPstg" title="Jakarta Selatan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Selatan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(Jakarta Selatan),</i> awalnya direncanakan sebagai kota satelit, kini lokasi pusat perbelanjaan besar kelas atas dan daerah perumahan makmur. Jakarta Selatan fungsi sebagai penyangga air tanah Jakarta, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-32"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[33]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tetapi baru-baru daerah sabuk hijau terancam oleh perkembangan baru. Sebagian besar kawasan CBD Jakarta terkonsentrasi di Setia Budi, Jakarta Selatan, berbatasan dengan Tanah Abang / daerah Sudirman Jakarta Pusat. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhgE9deFUeWMnrdmpKUYsz--gRVsLg" title="Jakarta Timur"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Timur</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(Jakarta Timur)</i> Wilayah yang ditandai dengan beberapa sektor industri didirikan di kota ini. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-Jaktim_go_id-33"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[34]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ada juga masih beberapa daerah rawa-rawa dan sawah di kota ini. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-Jaktim_go_id-33"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[34]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhSICEcWZ3A3VyeBVC2iyms2Yg_0Q" title="Jakarta Utara"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Utara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(Jakarta Utara)</i> adalah satu-satunya kota di Jakarta yang dibatasi oleh laut ( <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Sea&usg=ALkJrhgkFQg3VQyrem0Hd-_UQCT55dzF-w" title="Laut Jawa">Laut Jawa</a> ). Ini adalah lokasi dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Priok&usg=ALkJrhh6K_dxBR7me7Jz0JG3IRzjz74iPQ" title="Tanjung Priok"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanjung Priok</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Port. Industri skala besar dan menengah terkonsentrasi di Jakarta Utara. Jakarta Utara berisi lokasi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Old_Town&usg=ALkJrhhwhNS1JmptdamnucBz_-1jKIxh-g" title="Kota Tua Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kota Tua Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Batavia sejak abad ke-17, dan merupakan pusat </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company&usg=ALkJrhiTICm9BF1ThbTEFyqquEhQNEXUqQ" title="Perusahaan India Timur Belanda"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VOC</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> aktivitas perdagangan di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies&usg=ALkJrhgTim7W9cShLaQxWZpanH-q5XgWRQ" title="Hindia Belanda"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hindia Belanda</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Juga terletak di Jakarta Utara adalah Taman Impian Jaya Ancol ( <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Impian_Jaya_Ancol&usg=ALkJrhgwss0ehkWztkq253NpmIiXTTLz-Q" title="Taman Impian Jaya Ancol">Taman Impian Jaya Ancol</a> ), saat ini kawasan wisata terpadu terbesar di Asia Tenggara. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-34"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[35]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kabupaten hanya <i>(kabupaten)</i> dari Jakarta adalah: </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Islands_%28Indonesia%29&usg=ALkJrhhGoUEbHWgKmDzwk3A_Gncr1G7vfw" title="Kepulauan Seribu (Indonesia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kepulauan Seribu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(Kepulauan Seribu),</i> mantan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistricts_of_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhipcug-h-UdUmqyndvzoXYagd9BAA" title="Kecamatan di Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kecamatan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Jakarta Utara, adalah kumpulan dari 105 pulau kecil yang terletak di Laut Jawa. Memiliki nilai konservasi tinggi karena ekosistem yang unik dan khusus. Wisata bahari, seperti menyelam, sepeda air, dan selancar angin, adalah kegiatan wisata yang paling penting di wilayah ini. Transportasi utama antara pulau-pulau ini adalah kecepatan perahu atau kapal feri kecil. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-35"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[36]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></li>
</ul><div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: #FFFFEF; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><thead>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td colspan="6" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Kota / Kota <i>(Kota Administrasi / kotamadya)</i> </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kota / Kabupaten </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 52.5pt;" width="70"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Luas (km <sup>2)</sup> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 75.0pt;" width="100"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlah populasi (terdaftar) (2007) </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-Statistics-36"><b><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[37]</span></sup></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 75.0pt;" width="100"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total populasi (2007) </span></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-Statistics-36"><b><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[37]</span></sup></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 75.0pt;" width="100"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total populasi (2010 Sensus) </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 75.0pt;" width="100"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kepadatan Penduduk (per km <sup>2)</sup> 2010 </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> </tr>
</thead> <tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhjaQ374Eqk7TZ-GfvHvDtOF_WPstg" title="Jakarta Selatan"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Selatan</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(Jakarta Selatan)</i> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">141.27 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,730,680 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,100,930 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,057,080 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14,561 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhgE9deFUeWMnrdmpKUYsz--gRVsLg" title="Jakarta Timur"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Timur</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(Jakarta Timur)</i> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">188.03 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,159,785 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,421,419 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,687,027 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14,290 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhjoedhiFhT3hC7Lz77zpuxwWnl8EQ" title="Jakarta Pusat"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Pusat</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(Jakarta Pusat)</i> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">48.13 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">880,286 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">889,680 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">898.883 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18,676 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhg18K9gnbTwwFwfPV0008_yoOfW4w" title="Jakarta Barat"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Barat</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(Jakarta Barat)</i> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">129.54 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,562,837 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,172,878 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,278,825 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17,592 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhSICEcWZ3A3VyeBVC2iyms2Yg_0Q" title="Jakarta Utara"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Utara</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(Jakarta Utara)</i> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">146.66 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,200,958 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,453,106 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,645,312 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11,219 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Islands_%28Indonesia%29&usg=ALkJrhhGoUEbHWgKmDzwk3A_Gncr1G7vfw" title="Kepulauan Seribu (Indonesia)"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kepulauan Seribu</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(Kepulauan Seribu)</i> </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.7 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19,915 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19,980 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21,071 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,422 </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerintah </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada bulan September 1945, pemerintah Jakarta Kota itu berubah dari <i>Toku-Betsu Jakarta Shi</i> Jepang ke Jakarta Administrasi Nasional. Ini pemerintah pertama diselenggarakan oleh Walikota sampai akhir 1960 ketika kantor diubah menjadi bahwa Gubernur. Walikota terakhir dari Jakarta </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSudiro%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgow011cBn4FliWaL7CcgIlWdTTqw" title="Sudiro (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sudiro</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , sampai ia digantikan oleh Dr </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSumarno%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhil8D3JPym5mBqB2I0S84Y7tjFztQ" title="Sumarno (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumarno</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sebagai Gubernur provinsi (sebagai kota sekarang menjadi). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun 1974, Berdasarkan <i>UU No 5 Tahun 1974</i> berkaitan dengan Pokok-Pokok Pemerintahan Daerah, Jakarta dikukuhkan sebagai ibukota Indonesia dan salah satu dari 26 provinsi di Indonesia. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-Statistics-36"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[37]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lihat juga: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhjwHUnF7zcRTAMOH4xhN7s_PrFGbw" title="Daftar Gubernur Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar Gubernur Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kota keuangan </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemampuan pemerintah daerah untuk menanggapi banyak masalah Jakarta dibatasi oleh keuangan yang sangat terbatas. Pada tahun 2011, total anggaran yang tersedia untuk pemerintah daerah adalah sekitar Rp 28,5 triliun (sekitar $ US 3,3 miliar), setara dengan sekitar $ US 300 per warga negara. Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta, seperti semua pemerintah provinsi lainnya di Indonesia, bergantung pada transfer dari pemerintah pusat untuk sebagian pendapatan anggaran. Lokal (non-pemerintah pusat) sumber pendapatan dari pajak pendapatan berbagai seperti kepemilikan kendaraan dan biaya kendaraan transfer dan sebagainya. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-37"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[38]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Geografi dan iklim </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Geografi </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta terletak di pantai barat laut </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java&usg=ALkJrhguNIBcvKRERy6jlXh7Of67PoT2-g" title="Jawa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , di muara </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliwung_River&usg=ALkJrhiCRxxK9iX5I1Cqb4-OP7TcKrkYtg" title="Sungai Ciliwung"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sungai Ciliwung</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Bay&usg=ALkJrhg2591I2CQZ2cpF_VXJ3AzNcqldaw" title="Teluk Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teluk Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , yang merupakan inlet dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Sea&usg=ALkJrhgkFQg3VQyrem0Hd-_UQCT55dzF-w" title="Laut Jawa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Laut Jawa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Secara resmi, wilayah Distrik Jakarta Khusus 662 km <sup>2</sup> dari wilayah daratan dan 6.977 km <sup>2</sup> wilayah laut. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-38"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[39]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Jakarta terletak di baskom, rendah datar, rata-rata 7 meter (23 kaki) </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level&usg=ALkJrhinmHGmitnsIKkzFtSh57QNgPiadQ" title="Di atas permukaan laut rata-rata"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">di atas permukaan laut</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ; <sup>[ </sup></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhhvyxzKmxMMBeSMxoHUY0kqBSWJvw" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kutipan diperlukan</span></sup></i></a></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ]</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 40% dari Jakarta, terutama daerah utara, berada di bawah permukaan laut, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-39"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[40]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sementara bagian selatan yang relatif berbukit. Sungai mengalir dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncak&usg=ALkJrhjQaKEXujKBmZXbnNft3hYGAW6Sfw" title="Puncak"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Puncak</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dataran tinggi di sebelah selatan kota, di utara kota menuju Laut Jawa; yang paling penting <sup>[ </sup></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify&usg=ALkJrhjB_HqiUemXUZA3VfwMEqokI3SHPQ" title="Wikipedia: Jelaskan"><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">klarifikasi diperlukan</span></sup></i></a></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ]</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliwung_River&usg=ALkJrhiCRxxK9iX5I1Cqb4-OP7TcKrkYtg" title="Sungai Ciliwung"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sungai Ciliwung</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , yang membelah kota ke kerajaan barat dan timur. Sungai lainnya termasuk Pesanggrahan, dan Sunter. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sungai-sungai ini, dikombinasikan dengan kondisi topografi Jakarta yang rendah membuatnya rentan terhadap banjir dari sungai bengkak di musim hujan dan pasang laut yang tinggi. Faktor-faktor lainnya termasuk pipa pembuangan tersumbat dan saluran air yang melayani penduduk meningkat, selain </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation&usg=ALkJrhj88YGfkBMqnU99Fg82x1yzRwA--g" title="Deforestasi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">deforestasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dekat cepat urbanisasi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogor&usg=ALkJrhhZbV9mGdO021Jxd2Y60V_31JxR8g" title="Bogor"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bogor</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depok&usg=ALkJrhgOCESzBxJuu4kTMAU51hMMpHY-sw" title="Depok"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Depok</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di Jakarta pedalaman. Selain itu, Jakarta adalah daerah perkotaan dengan kompleks masalah sosial ekonomi yang secara tidak langsung berkontribusi untuk memicu peristiwa banjir. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-40"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[41]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mayor banjir terjadi pada tahun 1996 </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-41"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[42]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-42"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[43]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ketika 5.000 hektar lahan dibanjiri </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-43"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[44]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan 2007. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-44"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[ 45]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kerugian dari kerusakan infrastruktur dan pendapatan negara setidaknya 5,2 triliun rupiah (572 juta dolar AS) dan setidaknya 85 orang tewas </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-45"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[46]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan sekitar 350.000 orang dipaksa dari rumah mereka. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-jakartafloods-46"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[47]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sekitar 70% dari total luas Jakarta dibanjiri dengan air hingga empat meter di bagian kota. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-47"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[48]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-48"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[49]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mei 2011: Jakarta Badan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup dikategorikan semua sungai di Jakarta tercemar, 71% dari mereka sangat tercemar, 20% itu sebagian tercemar dan 9% adalah tercemar ringan. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-49"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[50]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kanal Banjir Timur (BKT) di kawasan timur Jakarta adalah proyek nasional yang dimulai pada 2003 dan akhir 2009 mencapai laut Jawa dan akan dicapai pada tahun 2011. Ini adalah 23,5 kilometer panjang yang menghubungkan lima sungai: Cipinang, Sunter, Buaran, Jati Kramat dan Cakung. Ini akan mengurangi banjir dan harapan sebagai tempat olahraga dayung 2 kilometer juga. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-50"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[51]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Untuk kemudahan dari banjir, Jakarta Pengerukan Darurat Innitiave (JEDI) fase-2 akan membuat kanal bawah tanah ( </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siphon&usg=ALkJrhjvluOB6KxRbrhwIJX5OfBX8scoCw" title="Menyedot"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menyedot</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ) dari Ciliwung sungai ke </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCipinang%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiOwt-JoGF_YwWcJzENYXz3XmMDNg" title="Cipinang (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cipinang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sungai dan kemudian pergi melalui untuk Kanal Banjir Timur. Ini akan menurunkan banjir di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cawang&usg=ALkJrhjkgdL1BlfZwtiTFfKY_J37EmISTg" title="Cawang"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cawang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DKampung_Melayu%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiUWWXqkrKBQWMXmNno5m61_Lk36g" title="Kampung Melayu (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kampung Melayu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBukit_Duri%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh3k3AkKIyxHdNvF7Xg_OyARsUGgg" title="Bukit Duri (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bukit Duri</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebun_Baru&usg=ALkJrhghvKwRWZQ58sTJ9Fqy1aG7mC2RHQ" title="Kebun Baru"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebun Baru</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Panjang akan satu kilometer dan akan selesai pada 2016. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-51"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[52]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain banjir dari sungai, Jakarta juga tenggelam sekitar 5 sampai 10 sentimeter setiap tahun dan sampai 20 sentimeter di daratan Jakarta Utara. Untuk mengatasi itu, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhhg55Fkl9BlAkZUY3HorahsFR549w" title="Belanda"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belanda</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> akan memberikan $ 4 juta untuk studi kelayakan untuk membangun </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike&usg=ALkJrhgtIFQQTLmTlHxSFQ-LfApebViFdQ" title="Tanggul"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tanggul</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di Teluk Jakarta. Tanggul cincin akan diberikan dengan sistem pemompaan dan daerah retensi, akan mengatur dan mengontrol air laut dan menggunakan jalan tol juga sebagai tambahan. Proyek ini akan dibangun pada tahun 2025. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-52"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[53]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Islands_%28Indonesia%29&usg=ALkJrhhGoUEbHWgKmDzwk3A_Gncr1G7vfw" title="Kepulauan Seribu (Indonesia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kepulauan Seribu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , yang secara administratif merupakan bagian dari Jakarta, yang terletak di Teluk Jakarta utara kota. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Iklim </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta memiliki panas dan lembab </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_wet_and_dry_climate&usg=ALkJrhhvCt5nAZe84AkhDLqdl_2Vbt_LAw" title="Tropis basah dan kering iklim"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">iklim tropis basah dan kering</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Aw) menurut </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25B6ppen_climate_classification&usg=ALkJrhj7uQQtkMTl0TvkPtp1qycJNsUAHA" title="Klasifikasi iklim Köppen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">klasifikasi iklim Köppen</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sistem. Meskipun terletak relatif dekat dengan khatulistiwa, kota ini telah berbeda </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_season&usg=ALkJrhgpgJ4Pyt2AFsX1qhUJKmb60WUJ1Q" title="Basah musim"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">basah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_season&usg=ALkJrhig8tc-2Ms3Zbkd0CRXDGE7azMYZg" title="Musim kering"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kering</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> musim. Musim hujan di Jakarta mencakup mayoritas tahun, berjalan dari November sampai Juni. Sisa empat bulan musim kemarau bentuk kota. Terletak di bagian barat-Indonesia, basah musim puncak hujan Jakarta adalah Januari dengan curah hujan bulanan rata-rata 385 milimeter (15,2 in), dan kering musimnya titik rendah September dengan rata-rata bulanan dari 29 milimeter (1,1 in). </span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 90.0%;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td colspan="14" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hide</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">] Data iklim untuk Jakarta </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bulan </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jan </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Februari </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mar </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">April </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mei </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Juni </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Juli </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agustus </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">September </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oktober </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">November </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Desember </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahun </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rata-rata tinggi ° C (° F) </span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #FF4400; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31.5 <br />
(88.7) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32.3 <br />
(90.1) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32.5 <br />
(90.5) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF3700; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33.5 <br />
(92.3) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF3700; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33.5 <br />
(92.3) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF3000; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">34.4 <br />
(93.9) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF3800; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33.3 <br />
(91.9) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33.0 <br />
(91.4) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF4100; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32.0 <br />
(89.6) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF4300; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31.7 <br />
(89.1) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF4600; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31.3 <br />
(88.3) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF4100; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32.0 <br />
(89.6) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF4200; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31.8 <br />
(89.2) </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rata-rata rendah ° C (° F) </span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #FF7700; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24.2 <br />
(75.6) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF7600; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24.3 <br />
(75.7) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF7000; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25.2 <br />
(77.4) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF7000; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25.1 <br />
(77.2) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25.4 <br />
(77.7) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF7300; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24.8 <br />
(76.6) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF7000; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25.1 <br />
(77.2) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF7200; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24.9 <br />
(76.8) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25.5 <br />
(77.9) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25.5 <br />
(77.9) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF7200; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24.9 <br />
(76.8) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF7200; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24.9 <br />
(76.8) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #FF7100; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25.0 <br />
(77) </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_%28meteorology%29&usg=ALkJrhigDDjIJAjSmYELH3y2l4U_7Wn0TA" title="Presipitasi (meteorologi)"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Presipitasi</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mm (inci) </span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #000030; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">384.7 <br />
(15.146) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #000030; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">309.8 <br />
(12.197) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #6969FF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">100.3 <br />
(3.949) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #000071; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">257.8 <br />
(10.15) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #3838FF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">133.4 <br />
(5.252) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">83.1 <br />
(3.272) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30.8 <br />
(1.213) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">34.2 <br />
(1.346) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">29.0 <br />
(1.142) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33.1 <br />
(1.303) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #0000F0; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">175.0 <br />
(6.89) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #8181FF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">84.0 <br />
(3.307) </span></div></td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,655.2 <br />
(65.165) </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 12.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Avg. hujan hari </span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #0000BD; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26 </span></div></td> <td style="background: #0000EF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20 </span></div></td> <td style="background: #4545FF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15 </span></div></td> <td style="background: #1919FF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18 </span></div></td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13 </span></div></td> <td style="background: #2626FF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17 </span></div></td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5 </span></div></td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5 </span></div></td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6 </span></div></td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9 </span></div></td> <td style="background: #0000E5; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22 </span></div></td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12 </span></div></td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; height: 12.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">168 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td colspan="14" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber: </span></i><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organisation&usg=ALkJrhjOW8i5aCdu4gWbNxp-zBErq_-agQ" title="Organisasi Meteorologi Dunia"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Organisasi Meteorologi Dunia</span></i></a></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-53"><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[54]</span></sup></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Budaya </span></b></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" border="0" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" width="36" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Artikel ini <b>mungkin memerlukan </b></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting&usg=ALkJrhjw5l9egMNdCwxUxOmySj4kja0l6Q" title="Wikipedia: copyediting Dasar"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pengeditan menyalin</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> untuk tata bahasa, gaya, kohesi, nada ejaan, atau.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Anda dapat membantu dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DJakarta%26action%3Dedit&usg=ALkJrhjGnLvqNnfEMnYkSsuKfWBQn_Nc2g"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengedit</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . <i>(September 2011)</i> </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai ibukota ekonomi dan politik Indonesia, Jakarta menarik pendatang domestik banyak yang membawa mereka berbagai bahasa, dialek, makanan dan kebiasaan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keong_Emas.jpg&usg=ALkJrhijoQBOEr7Bcmjr_jlhcd4K0Yx5lg" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para Siput Emas (Keong Emas), didirikan pada tahun 1970 selama era Orde Baru, adalah sebuah teater IMAX yang berlokasi di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah&usg=ALkJrhjRlp7gxH0Q_7_VwcBeWY4-IDXwIw" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , Jakarta Timur. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betawi_people&usg=ALkJrhgLeaog88Sn2LjoK1Bollc5i-lxSA" title="Orang betawi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Betawi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(Orang Betawi,</i> atau "orang Batavia") adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan keturunan orang-orang yang tinggal di sekitar </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies&usg=ALkJrhhF6Cn4NbqHBnRcsTscGA333_Nxew" title="Batavia, Hindia Belanda"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batavia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan diakui sebagai kelompok etnis dari sekitar abad 18-19. Orang-orang Betawi kebanyakan keturunan dari berbagai kelompok etnis Asia Tenggara dibawa atau ditarik ke Batavia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tenaga kerja, dan termasuk orang-orang dari berbagai bagian </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhh6z-vRMVPCpi2bVzvxlMuGT35cKQ" title="Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-54"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[55]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Para </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betawi_language&usg=ALkJrhiTg81uWoBf4xriE6UvGZzPkuhSNw" title="Bahasa betawi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bahasa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan budaya Betawi yang berbeda dari orang-orang dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_people&usg=ALkJrhgRqxe6plKELiml5jsVezujZITJyQ" title="Orang Sunda"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sunda</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people&usg=ALkJrhjmYeq5eR8fQtT5w46I4xJirmPYmg" title="Orang Jawa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Bahasa ini sebagian besar didasarkan pada Timur </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Malay&usg=ALkJrhi_6Cwo4xf9xTJSHXjmiEdMleAhkg" title="Lama Melayu"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melayu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dialek dan diperkaya dengan kata-kata pinjaman dari Belanda, Portugis, Sunda, Jawa, Cina, dan Arab. Saat ini, dialek Jakarta (English Jakarta) digunakan sebagai bahasa jalanan oleh orang-orang di Jakarta secara longgar didasarkan pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betawi_language&usg=ALkJrhiTg81uWoBf4xriE6UvGZzPkuhSNw" title="Bahasa betawi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bahasa Betawi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seni Betawi memiliki profil rendah di Jakarta dan Betawi kebanyakan telah pindah ke daerah pinggiran Jakarta, pengungsi oleh para pendatang baru. Hal ini lebih mudah untuk menemukan Jawa atau Minang upacara pernikahan berbasis daripada pernikahan Betawi di Jakarta. Hal ini lebih mudah untuk menemukan Gamelan Jawa bukan <i>gambang kromong</i> (campuran antara Betawi dan musik Tiongkok) atau <i>Tanjidor</i> (campuran antara Betawi dan musik Portugis) atau <i>Marawis</i> (campuran antara Betawi dan musik Yaman). Namun, beberapa festival seperti <i>Festival Jalan Jaksa</i> atau <i>Kemang Festival</i> mencakup upaya untuk melestarikan seni oleh seniman Betawi mengundang untuk memberikan pertunjukan. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-55"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[56]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telah ada yang signifikan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian&usg=ALkJrhgRrcgQUAJIt6rDbpsNV3GgbcleoA" title="Tionghoa Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> komunitas di Jakarta selama berabad-abad. Cina di Jakarta secara tradisional berada di daerah perkotaan lama seperti di dalam dan sekitar Jakarta Kota, Pluit dan Glodok (Jakarta Chinatown) daerah, mereka juga dapat ditemukan di Pecinan lama Senen dan Jatinegara. Secara resmi, mereka membuat naik 6% dari populasi Jakarta yang, meskipun jumlah ini mungkin kurang dilaporkan. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-BBC-56"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[57]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> budaya Cina juga telah mempengaruhi budaya Betawi, seperti popularitas kue Cina dan permen, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firecracker&usg=ALkJrhi53oe5dXrvljVgBSq52Wz0SW34Dg" title="Petasan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">petasan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , untuk gaun pengantin Betawi yang menunjukkan pengaruh Cina dan Arab. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta memiliki beberapa pusat seni pertunjukan, seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Ismail_Marzuki&usg=ALkJrhggfqGPYFxUZC3lxzDMOhhsOhZnrg" title="Taman Ismail Marzuki"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taman Ismail Marzuki</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pusat (TIM) seni di Cikini, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedung_Kesenian_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhRtgZU3Tddwjhb3uAStlH_lRCxlg" title="Gedung Kesenian Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gedung Kesenian Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dekat Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini di Plaza Semanggi daerah, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBentara_Budaya_Jakarta%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjUJ-dHBPABmh2TrDa3hpIbCOH18A" title="Bentara Budaya Jakarta (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentara Budaya Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di daerah Palmerah, <i>Pasar Seni</i> (Pasar Seni) di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancol_Dreamland&usg=ALkJrhgcpDvje4ubJPSrNbFLDXGYXuR90Q" title="Ancol Dreamland"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ancol</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , dan pertunjukan seni tradisional Indonesia di paviliun dari beberapa Provinsi di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah&usg=ALkJrhjRlp7gxH0Q_7_VwcBeWY4-IDXwIw" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Musik tradisional sering ditemukan di hotel kelas tinggi, termasuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang&usg=ALkJrhgZRZF7j_xg-knX2ou0s24YC0XRjQ" title="Wayang"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wayang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan&usg=ALkJrhi_tO4IMkruKtO9BVPnHHW8e1u5BA" title="Gamelan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gamelan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pertunjukan. Jawa </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang&usg=ALkJrhgZRZF7j_xg-knX2ou0s24YC0XRjQ#Wayang_topeng_or_wayang_gedog_or_wayang_wong" title="Wayang"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wayang Orang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kinerja dapat ditemukan di Wayang Orang Bharata bioskop dekat </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senen&usg=ALkJrhiilu6vaK31CDiGrccrYDqm-mUcoA" title="Senen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senen</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terminal bis. Sebagai kota terbesar negara dan modal, Jakarta telah memikat banyak bakat nasional dan regional yang berharap untuk menemukan audiens yang lebih besar dan lebih banyak kesempatan untuk sukses. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta beberapa host festival bergengsi seni dan budaya, dan pameran, seperti tahunan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_International_Film_Festival&usg=ALkJrhj-k8mzveVZr7k5mi40LhDSr6ZTUg" title="Jakarta International Film Festival"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta International Film Festival</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (JiFFest), </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_International_Java_Jazz_Festival&usg=ALkJrhgGEtBBnDL-rouImjuKLP4bZgOS_w" title="Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week&usg=ALkJrhjos4TXTO3nTnfQ7MIfnq1sQrWaDQ" title="Jakarta Fashion Week"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Fashion Week</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival (JFFF), Produk Kreatif Indonesia dan Jakarta Seni dan Kerajinan pameran. Flona Jakarta adalah Flora dan Fauna pameran, diadakan setiap tahun pada bulan Agustus di Lapangan Banteng taman yang menampilkan bunga, pembibitan tanaman, dan hewan peliharaan. The </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Fair&usg=ALkJrhgcjB1YBbh5Q0ufgsoAh_OW5VQAjg" title="Jakarta Fair"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Fair</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> diadakan setiap tahun dari pertengahan Juni sampai pertengahan Juli untuk merayakan ulang tahun kota dan sebagian besar berpusat di sekitar perdagangan yang adil. Namun hal ini wajar selama sebulan juga memiliki fitur hiburan, termasuk seni dan pertunjukan musik oleh band-band lokal dan musisi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa asing pusat seni dan budaya juga didirikan di Jakarta, dan terutama berfungsi untuk mempromosikan budaya dan bahasa melalui pusat belajar, perpustakaan, dan galeri seni. Di antara seni asing dan pusat budaya </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands&usg=ALkJrhhg55Fkl9BlAkZUY3HorahsFR549w" title="Belanda"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belanda</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Erasmus Huis, Inggris </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Council&usg=ALkJrhgWd87wuXy4VUMt5lFktDSOQCsrzg" title="British Council"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">British Council</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , Prancis Centre Culturel Français, Jerman </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe-Institut&usg=ALkJrhigCiuSX6Y-sZ64zL1Uj9huljz94g" title="Goethe-Institut"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Goethe-Institut</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Foundation&usg=ALkJrhhhLvzpIBX7Tx7O757OdkiTLPt5Mg" title="Japan Foundation"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Japan Foundation</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , dan The Jawaharlal Nehru </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India&usg=ALkJrhj1iSfffpm1lmYPgZO92Dgp9qDp6Q" title="India"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">India</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Cultural Center. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Museum </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lihat juga: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhikn9p_n-vT7gS_Ull8kBsbqjY_og" title="Daftar museum dan institusi budaya di Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar museum dan institusi budaya di Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_Nasional_Indonesia.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhfYa2431S3Osv9N0WmnqTIxv7RPg" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_%28Indonesia%29&usg=ALkJrhjGXHS1Y9fm9fEpYbq3lkissu961Q" title="Museum Nasional (Indonesia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Museum Nasional</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Indonesia di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhjoedhiFhT3hC7Lz77zpuxwWnl8EQ" title="Jakarta Pusat"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Pusat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Museum-museum di cluster Jakarta sekitar </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhjoedhiFhT3hC7Lz77zpuxwWnl8EQ" title="Jakarta Pusat"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Pusat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kawasan Lapangan Merdeka, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Old_Town&usg=ALkJrhhwhNS1JmptdamnucBz_-1jKIxh-g" title="Kota Tua Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kota Tua Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah&usg=ALkJrhjRlp7gxH0Q_7_VwcBeWY4-IDXwIw" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kota Tua Jakarta museum yang berisi bangunan institusional mantan Kolonial Batavia. Beberapa museum ini adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_History_Museum&usg=ALkJrhh0-0KNKLL5Ivdf0f2BsNgrKta3wA" title="Museum Sejarah Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Museum Sejarah Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (City Hall mantan Batavia), </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang_Museum&usg=ALkJrhhzbTR9_hH_KTEX3_ol8Ex9u9f3lw" title="Museum Wayang"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Museum Wayang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (mantan Gereja Batavia), yang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Art_and_Ceramic_Museum&usg=ALkJrhgHw1f0Zxadh-T6RQAhqNg92KGU2g" title="Seni Rupa dan Keramik Museum"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seni Rupa dan Museum Keramik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Court House mantan Keadilan Batavia), yang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Museum_%28Indonesia%29&usg=ALkJrhiEyiP_HNWW2Bb95rT4cRNDPy7bxA" title="Maritim Museum (Indonesia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maritime Museum</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (mantan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Kelapa&usg=ALkJrhgi8oVwvKtVzA2YrXaDaklj9TsL3A" title="Sunda Kelapa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sunda Kelapa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> gudang ), Museum Bank Indonesia (mantan Javasche Bank), dan Bank Mandiri Museum <i>(Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij</i> mantan). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa museum berkerumun di Jakarta Pusat sekitar daerah Lapangan Merdeka adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhjzKeeOM6ly1ZgvkiNslJHQI90mEw" title="Museum Nasional Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Museum Nasional Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (juga dikenal sebagai <i>Gedung Gajah</i> ("Gedung Gajah"), </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monas&usg=ALkJrhgLJmnUac0sK9s2vAkz3-9xbElm-Q" title="Monas"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monas</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Monumen Nasional), Museum Istiqlal Islam di Masjid Istiqlal, dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Cathedral&usg=ALkJrhhCXzf9Nyf-1Decd_L-jUlflGl-Vg" title="Katedral Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Katedral Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Museum pada lantai dua Katedral Jakarta. Juga di wilayah Jakarta Pusat adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Prasasti_Museum&usg=ALkJrhh5ZkDh9V8BJJYExbOF1VmLbhvxiw" title="Taman Prasasti Museum"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taman Prasasti Museum</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (pemakaman mantan Batavia), dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_Museum_%28Jakarta%29&usg=ALkJrhhbdkfodgZuUraGf1bTmXhrB2589g" title="Museum Tekstil (Jakarta)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Museum Tekstil</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di daerah Tanah Abang. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Area rekreasi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah&usg=ALkJrhjRlp7gxH0Q_7_VwcBeWY4-IDXwIw" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhgE9deFUeWMnrdmpKUYsz--gRVsLg" title="Jakarta Timur"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Timur</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berisi empat belas museum seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_Museum&usg=ALkJrhiGsT0QPuL63T68jtKs6EgfaNBmAQ" title="Museum Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Museum Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purna_Bhakti_Pertiwi_Museum&usg=ALkJrhgUbiyoJMJY-_iXBkOxacOBHkE62A" title="Museum Purna Bhakti Pertiwi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Museum Purna Bhakti Pertiwi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAsmat_Museum%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgLwaHBM1nFA-Ox_ANojUaxJaejXA" title="Museum Asmat (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Museum Asmat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , Bayt al-Qur'an Islam Museum Pusaka (pusaka) Museum, dan lainnya berbasis ilmu pengetahuan seperti Museum Riset & Teknologi Informasi Pusat, Museum Fauna Komodo Indonesia, Museum Serangga, dan Museum Gas Bensin, juga Museum Transportasi. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Museum lainnya adalah Satria Mandala Military Museum, Museum </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpah_Pemuda&usg=ALkJrhiRIwg7TIX9kjP_cJ5fxdrIDUQaYg" title="Sumpah Pemuda"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumpah Pemuda</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubang_Buaya&usg=ALkJrhjeGszCf81xG5L3ku3NRh1pVu_Cmg" title="Lubang Buaya"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lubang Buaya</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masakan </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta memiliki berbagai macam makanan yang tersedia di ratusan makan kompleks berlokasi di seluruh kota, dari sederhana pinggir jalan foodstalls dan vendor bepergian ke restoran kelas tinggi yang mahal. Tradisional </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_cuisine&usg=ALkJrhgHA0Ydbc1OvNgnMs163rZPcJAr8g" title="Masakan Minangkabau"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Padang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> restoran dan rendah anggaran </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_cuisine&usg=ALkJrhh98OyBLSqxOYQomuuIG-1DAsXFMw" title="Masakan Jawa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Warteg (Warung Tegal)</i> foodstalls yang mana-mana di ibukota. Selanjutnya untuk segudang pilihan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Cuisine&usg=ALkJrhiB8rQ6tK9h17DSEwybh9PbSqG5wg" title="Masakan Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">makanan Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan spesialisasi daerah dari seluruh Indonesia, ada juga makanan internasional, terutama </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Cuisine&usg=ALkJrhg5iuWiQqnUAm_adFC4-yzuZu_SbQ" title="Masakan Cina"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Cuisine&usg=ALkJrhhxH-WS6Ne6SKQKga3n8snUcsNGYw" title="Masakan Jepang"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jepang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Cuisine&usg=ALkJrhgW8Pu70JqjqfelXgbf6WutvC66gw" title="Masakan Korea"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Korea</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_food&usg=ALkJrhjSUjKfCbGjg-sh6xngNJkzTGbKng" title="Thai makanan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thailand</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Cuisine&usg=ALkJrhgn48iKhXQ1-mA3L1CaZEwz-SDLMQ" title="Indian Cuisine"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">India</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States&usg=ALkJrhi7EW74iK93H0G4x9nq_28UL3LQ8g" title="Masakan Amerika Serikat"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Amerika</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Cuisine&usg=ALkJrhh1G3Zshl5FcFOAjjbmSq13sixhUw" title="Masakan Prancis"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perancis</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , Timur Tengah, dan makanan fusi modern. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-57"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[58]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Satu dari hidangan lokal yang paling populer di Jakarta adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_%28food%29&usg=ALkJrhgTmgtgHDffGI6wkQbnBfrVuSq2Aw" title="Soto (makanan)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soto</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betawi_people&usg=ALkJrhgLeaog88Sn2LjoK1Bollc5i-lxSA" title="Orang betawi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Betawi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , yang merupakan susu sapi atau kaldu santan dengan tendon sapi, usus, babat. Makanan yang populer lainnya adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_Telor&usg=ALkJrhgK8PMrAWSDtiWN76IjlMkeqFm2xA" title="Kerak Telor"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerak telor</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gado-gado&usg=ALkJrhjV1IMFT1Ye4IUDRw5v-b1EqkaKrQ" title="Gado-gado"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gado-gado</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay&usg=ALkJrhi4-eqdq5XdJdx266JWA9MYfxmXmw" title="Sate"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sate</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_goreng&usg=ALkJrhiJD9dBTGdCP2B5cFEqAzlU3fu9LQ" title="Nasi goreng"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nasi goreng</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan kue cucur. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merdeka_Square_Monas_News_Van.JPG&usg=ALkJrhhwepqXSO3r6Mz5FDZ6VdS5vIL-2w" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_TV&usg=ALkJrhjrxwWArCUlfLq2iAMzWzYQ_rPg8A" title="Metro TV"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metro TV</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berita van parkir di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhip2UUH7JN3jVgX6bo4deydZrfzHA" title="Lapangan Merdeka, Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lapangan Merdeka, Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Surat kabar harian di Jakarta termasuk </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inggris bahasa nasional surat kabar: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post&usg=ALkJrhixmXX50GYFEfKNNIEAzBbTEzZiDg" title="The Jakarta Post"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Jakarta Post</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , <i>The Jakarta Globe</i> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa Indonesia bahasa nasional surat kabar: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompas&usg=ALkJrhjiLBCW0_Ptgk8qN512W28r3c8JFg" title="Kompas"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompas</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koran_Tempo&usg=ALkJrhg4WOxexDVZmmqWqaZMibsRviZClQ" title="Koran Tempo"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koran Tempo</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhjUrfCkoDqRquEpCU69QfwdbU13kA" title="Media Indonesia"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media Indonesia</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seputar_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhi3ikbi5KQQrxywpio7WE88Umw1-g" title="Seputar Indonesia"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seputar Indonesia</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_%28Indonesian_newspaper%29&usg=ALkJrhgZJnZUS1L0hwKDsP0Od9zGAmgQGg" title="Republika (surat kabar bahasa Indonesia)"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Republika</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suara_Pembaruan&usg=ALkJrhgV60-v3Opl9ryRlL7s5Uw5EFpZ8A" title="Suara Pembaruan"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suara Pembaruan</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suara_Karya&usg=ALkJrhiNW4lJ-k1NY9RbwE3PvSG9v5Sv7g" title="Suara Karya"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suara Karya</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , <i>Sinar Harapan, Indo Pos, Jurnal Nasional, Harian Pelita</i> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bisnis surat kabar: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnis_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhjcjgBFFWNtXNsn-JXk5fSVGfFvFw" title="Bisnis Indonesia"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bisnis Indonesia</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , <i>Investor Daily, Kontan, Harian Neraca.</i> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa Indonesia bahasa lokal (Jakarta) surat kabar: <i>Pos Kota, Warta Kota, Koran Jakarta, Berita Kota,</i> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Olahraga surat kabar: <i>Top Skor</i> </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stasiun televisi meliputi: </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerintah televisi: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVRI&usg=ALkJrhiDmD1eZJ0HG_x4iMK4rYmfeiMSoQ" title="TVRI"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TVRI</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Swasta televisi nasional: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPI_%28Indonesia%29&usg=ALkJrhgH1NJlRL1lvua5GwDp4Jsriqkb1g" title="TPI (Indonesia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MNC TV</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCTI&usg=ALkJrhh8vFiuPrvx8Vc8dk7cP8K8aXV6TA" title="RCTI"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RCTI</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_TV&usg=ALkJrhjrxwWArCUlfLq2iAMzWzYQ_rPg8A" title="Metro TV"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metro TV</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indosiar&usg=ALkJrhjsT6qyQ_OP19_EwMg6zGNTfVSAGw" title="Indosiar"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indosiar</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANTV&usg=ALkJrhgBR4-ZhmG2rTHxQHrY42F3o0oCoQ" title="ANTV"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ANTV</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCTV_%28Indonesia%29&usg=ALkJrhi5ZPjeXJB6n8PkRCeEesSidgEagA" title="SCTV (Indonesia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SCTV</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_TV&usg=ALkJrhgLpXBK6Zso6wXnStaLqmvLpV50ew" title="Trans TV"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trans TV</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_ONE_%28Indonesia%29&usg=ALkJrhgkv1YlUFEBX7FaGqR80nEVm0fHQA" title="TV ONE (Indonesia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TV ONE</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_7&usg=ALkJrhgXSv-F3n_qgwGBDW22HaxtJnDhRA" title="Trans 7"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trans 7</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_TV_%28Indonesia%29&usg=ALkJrhjU9dGMeVjiS00Z3pQJ9sukcZ06FQ" title="Global TV (Indonesia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Global TV</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Televisi lokal: B-Channel, Jak-TV, O-Channel, Elshinta TV, Da Ai TV, dan Space Toon-. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Televisi kabel: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Media&usg=ALkJrhjg7XL3l4HuaxwRgpfxTWYfnPU5fg" title="First Media"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">First Media</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TelkomVision&usg=ALkJrhgVDyTc22h4AXFn22RQ6Wkpd5rAuQ" title="TelkomVision"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TelkomVision</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Televisi satelit: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indovision&usg=ALkJrhi43ImbAQB4WkjCGakZabJm3KFFmA" title="Indovision"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indovision</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TelkomVision&usg=ALkJrhgVDyTc22h4AXFn22RQ6Wkpd5rAuQ" title="TelkomVision"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TelkomVision</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okevision&usg=ALkJrhiWIye_eae_hDlyeaI4SxF3mkl70w" title="Okevision"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Okevision</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aora_TV&usg=ALkJrhh-bKTjqJ7sI2A7NQDyGZi4PaSSlg" title="Aora TV"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aora TV</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DYes_TV%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhi0gq2a_fNmvXDpx187y7NrRRjCZA" title="Ya TV (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya TV</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua Stasiun TV analog </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL&usg=ALkJrhhCC-uYdREHAD36ilyuKe5gKWDpmQ" title="PAL"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PAL</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , namun ada juga yang sekarang adalah uji coba digital. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekonomi, tata pemerintahan dan infrastruktur </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bank_Indonesia_headquarters.jpg&usg=ALkJrhg4H9irX5FDpQjlfxVegPJdf-qFFA" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhiJJOaKihwEgkMcDWnsoPWrS0PG3Q" title="Bank Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bank Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> markas. Perekonomian Jakarta sangat tergantung pada sektor jasa, termasuk keuangan, perbankan dan sektor perdagangan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lihat juga: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_future_capital_proposal&usg=ALkJrhjlHFsvH9QeWehOWDgBZSoYAE6Osg" title="Bahasa Indonesia usulan modal masa depan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa Indonesia masa depan usulan modal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perekonomian Jakarta sangat bergantung pada jasa keuangan, perdagangan, dan manufaktur. Industri termasuk elektronik, otomotif, kimia, teknik mesin dan ilmu biomedis manufaktur. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertumbuhan ekonomi Jakarta tahun 2007 adalah 6,44% naik dari 5,95% tahun sebelumnya, dengan pertumbuhan dalam transportasi dan komunikasi (15,25%), konstruksi (7,81%) dan sektor perdagangan, hotel dan restoran (6,88%). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-Statistics-36"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[37 ]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pada tahun 2007, GRP (Produk Domestik Regional Bruto) adalah Rp. 566000000000000 (sekitar $ US 56 miliar). Kontribusi terbesar untuk PDRB yang oleh layanan keuangan, kepemilikan dan bisnis (29%), perdagangan, hotel dan sektor restoran (20%), sektor industri dan manufaktur (16%). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-Statistics-36"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[37]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pada tahun 2007, peningkatan PDRB per kapita penduduk DKI Jakarta adalah 11,6% dibandingkan dengan tahun sebelumnya </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-Statistics-36"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[37]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keduanya PDRB dengan harga pasar saat ini dan PDRB dengan harga konstan pada tahun 2000 pada tahun 2007 untuk Kotamadya Jakarta Pusat (Jakarta Pusat), yaitu Rp 146 juta rupiah dan 81 juta Rp rupiah, lebih tinggi dari kota-kota lain di DKI Jakarta. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-Statistics-36"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[37 ]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah hukum baru di tahun 2007 melarang pemberian uang kepada pengemis, pengamen dan pedagang asongan, larangan permukiman di tepi sungai dan jalan raya, dan melarang meludah dan merokok di angkutan umum. Orang yang tidak berhak membersihkan kaca jendela mobil dan mengambil tips untuk mengarahkan lalu lintas di persimpangan juga akan dikenakan sanksi. Kritik klaim bahwa hukum undang-undang baru tersebut akan sulit untuk menegakkan dan cenderung mengabaikan kemiskinan putus asa dari banyak penduduk ibukota. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-58"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[59]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyalin ide Orchard Road Singapura, pada 2011, pemerintah DKI Jakarta akan membatasi di jalan parkir di Jalan Hayam Wuruk dan Jalan Gajah Mada di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhjoedhiFhT3hC7Lz77zpuxwWnl8EQ" title="Jakarta Pusat"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Pusat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Hal ini kemudian akan menghapus vendor ilegal di trotoaire dan pengemis dari daerah itu. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-59"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[60]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Survei tahun 2006 menunjukkan bahwa "kurang dari seperempat dari populasi sepenuhnya dilayani oleh sumber-sumber air yang lebih baik Sisanya mengandalkan berbagai sumber, termasuk sungai, danau dan penjual air swasta.. Beberapa 7,2 juta orang tanpa air bersih." </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-autogenerated2006-60"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[61 ]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demografi </span></b></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 12pt; width: 420px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" valign="top"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background: #EFEFEF; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahun </span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #EFEFEF; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Populasi </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1870 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">65.000 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1875 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">99.100 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1880 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">102.900 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1883 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">97.000 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1886 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">100.500 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1890 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">105.100 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1895 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">114.600 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1901 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">115.900 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1905 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">138.600 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1918 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">234.700 </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" valign="top"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background: #EFEFEF; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahun </span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #EFEFEF; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Populasi </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1920 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">253.800 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1925 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">290.400 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1928 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">311.000 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1930 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">435.184 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1940 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">533.000 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1945 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">600.000 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1950 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.733.600 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1959 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.814.000 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1961 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.906.533 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1971 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.546.492 </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;" valign="top"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background: #EFEFEF; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahun / Tanggal </span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #EFEFEF; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Populasi </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31 Oktober 1980 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.503.449 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31 Oktober 1990 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.259.639 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30 Juni 2000 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.384.853 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 Januari 2005 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.540.306 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 Januari 2006 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.512.323 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Juni 2007 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.552.444 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2010 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.588.198 </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* 2010 Populasi sensus </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sensus 2010 dihitung sekitar 9,58 juta orang, jauh di atas semua perkiraan pemerintah. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-61"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[62]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Daerah DKI Jakarta adalah 662,33 km <sup>2,</sup> menunjukkan kepadatan penduduk 14.464 orang / km <sup>2</sup> sebagai kepadatan populasi terbesar kesembilan di dunia perkotaan. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-62"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[ 63]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ke dalam imigrasi cenderung meniadakan efek dari program keluarga berencana. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-Statistics-36"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[37]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> populasi telah meningkat dari 1,2 juta pada 1960-8800000 pada tahun 2004, penghitungan hanya penduduk hukumnya. <sup>[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&usg=ALkJrhhvyxzKmxMMBeSMxoHUY0kqBSWJvw" title="Wikipedia: Citation diperlukan"><i>kutipan diperlukan</i></a> ]</sup> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2010 hasil sensus </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penduduk DKI Jakarta ( </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabodetabek&usg=ALkJrhhvpzCRW8NF1gm6rEXh7nfXfbPmdg" title="Jabodetabek"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jabodetabek</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Region) adalah 28.019.545 sedangkan Jabotabek, tanpa </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depok&usg=ALkJrhgOCESzBxJuu4kTMAU51hMMpHY-sw" title="Depok"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Depok</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kota, adalah 26.267.849. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-Census_2010-63"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[64]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Namun, bahkan definisi-definisi Greater Jakarta membuktikan tua untuk Yudhoyono Presiden Indonesia yang sedang mempertimbangkan memperluas definisi untuk memasukkan bidang-bidang seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purwakarta&usg=ALkJrhhnmg58KPAJDT6IVmZhFO4RjMAG1w" title="Purwakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Purwakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukabumi&usg=ALkJrhgI1LCzUDNLX8m_uHMgTxM7Mfog6g" title="Sukabumi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sukabumi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-64"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[65]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bersama dengan kemungkinan relokasi fungsi pemerintah untuk daerah tanpa kemacetan yang parah, dan untuk meningkatkan koordinasi antarinstansi pemerintah di wilayah ibukota. Dengan definisi, populasi dengan mudah melampaui 30 juta didasarkan pada Sensus 2010. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-Census_2010-63"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[64]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pariwisata dan landmark </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irian_Barat_Statue.JPG&usg=ALkJrhitVmLZHbirGD_Cta-Ktb08rihFFA" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Patung Pembebasan Irian Barat, salah satu dari banyak </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno&usg=ALkJrhjh6gwrJGi4r6Y9Hb0EQjcXTcDgtg" title="Soekarno"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soekarno</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> era monumen di kota. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta adalah kota terutama pemerintah dan bisnis. Hal ini jarang dipandang sebagai pusat pariwisata lainnya daripada bagian lama kota yang merupakan tujuan wisata yang populer. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-65"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[66]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Namun otoritas Jakarta melihat kesempatan untuk mengembangkan reputasi sebagai kota pelayanan dan kota pariwisata. Ada banyak infrastruktur pariwisata baru, pusat hiburan, dan internasional kelas hotel dan restoran sedang dibangun di Jakarta. Jakarta juga memiliki banyak tempat bersejarah dan warisan budaya. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-66"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[67]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Monument_%28Indonesia%29&usg=ALkJrhg0r5m909GFuir-ESJhvPEikQJLgw" title="Monumen Nasional (Indonesia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monumen Nasional</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , berdiri di pusat </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhip2UUH7JN3jVgX6bo4deydZrfzHA" title="Lapangan Merdeka, Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lapangan Merdeka</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , taman pusat kota. Dekat monumen nasional berdiri sebuah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata&usg=ALkJrhjeXuieb7oZEPj-7k6C4KGYREAxeQ" title="Mahabharata"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mahabharata</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bertema Arjuna Wijaya patung kereta dan air mancur. Lebih jauh ke selatan melalui Jalan Thamrin, jalan utama Jakarta, "Selamat Datang" (welcome) patung berdiri di air mancur di tengah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhgxrIUIitHwi4-R-PT7_2QAOjAKcw" title="Hotel Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hotel Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout&usg=ALkJrhi8fRrk_F1PbVbcjrSF4mQbDvYoog" title="Bundaran"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bundaran</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Landmark lainnya termasuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque&usg=ALkJrhhWaSLXj8zPwBoY1eRLN2i5V2NCUw" title="Masjid Istiqlal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masjid Istiqlal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , yang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Cathedral&usg=ALkJrhhCXzf9Nyf-1Decd_L-jUlflGl-Vg" title="Katedral Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Katedral Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Irian&usg=ALkJrhgqmIwiheTyioLJDxAwda1NHJ5E6g" title="Irian Barat"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Irian Barat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> monumen Pembebasan. Para </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisma_46&usg=ALkJrhha_HjR4NDm809im-L3ef7ts1H52w" title="Wisma 46"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wisma 46</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> gedung di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhjoedhiFhT3hC7Lz77zpuxwWnl8EQ" title="Jakarta Pusat"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Pusat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> saat ini gedung tertinggi di Jakarta dan Indonesia. Tempat wisata termasuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah&usg=ALkJrhjRlp7gxH0Q_7_VwcBeWY4-IDXwIw" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragunan_Zoo&usg=ALkJrhgqBoj9TzL3XVd31yrahsfzi6uEJQ" title="Kebun Binatang Ragunan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebun Binatang Ragunan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Old_Town&usg=ALkJrhhwhNS1JmptdamnucBz_-1jKIxh-g" title="Kota Tua Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kota Tua Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancol_Dreamland&usg=ALkJrhgcpDvje4ubJPSrNbFLDXGYXuR90Q" title="Ancol Dreamland"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taman Impian Jaya Ancol</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kompleks di Teluk Jakarta, termasuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancol_Dreamland&usg=ALkJrhgcpDvje4ubJPSrNbFLDXGYXuR90Q#Dunia_Fantasi_.2F_Dufan_.28Fantasy_World.29" title="Ancol Dreamland"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dunia Fantasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> taman, Sea World, Petualangan Air Atlantis, dan Gelanggang Samudra. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mall_Taman_Anggrek,_Jakarta.jpg&usg=ALkJrhjxKPSdlari4xWhQroeOjoOzAFf6A" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Taman_Anggrek&usg=ALkJrhiPzt3UBYAV6wjELbfqA-CSPa7pDQ" title="Mal Taman Anggrek"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mal Taman Anggrek</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , salah satu mal perbelanjaan terbesar di Indonesia, terletak di Jakarta. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagian besar pengunjung tertarik ke Jakarta adalah wisatawan domestik dari seluruh Indonesia, mayoritas dari mereka dari provinsi-provinsi tetangga </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Java&usg=ALkJrhhGWTWqFL177avmvxMmsXopbxIuLg" title="Jawa Barat"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawa Barat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten&usg=ALkJrhiIebbu_ZANi2-KOw26_RTVkqlvXw" title="Banten"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banten</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung&usg=ALkJrhhC5zDW3vo6mDD-S-NTbKqtebvbWg" title="Lampung"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lampung</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Java&usg=ALkJrhjkLfpVNNEH-tD5d2Kp7MX2FD75Hw" title="Jawa Tengah"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawa Tengah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Sebagai gateway Indonesia, Jakarta sering berfungsi sebagai stop-over bagi pengunjung asing dalam perjalanan mereka ke tujuan wisata Indonesia populer seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali&usg=ALkJrhi43-HxjR1dxiV69OCG98fDPNIykQ" title="Bali"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bali</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta&usg=ALkJrhhkAudTle1Ryq_WaDzaVxrhTHIuWQ" title="Yogyakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yogyakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Sebagian besar pengunjung asing dari tetangga </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN&usg=ALkJrhjRvgO-Zg1q_olQAzKEpKMGYQuIbQ" title="ASEAN"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ASEAN</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> negara; seperti Malaysia dan Singapura, berkunjung ke Jakarta (sampai batas tertentu juga termasuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung&usg=ALkJrhgtzrq0rlDgQ70iMPs_S15SH0bumg" title="Bandung"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bandung</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ) untuk keperluan belanja, karena kota ini terkenal dengan produk murah tapi wajar kualitas, terutama tekstil, kerajinan dan produk fashion. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta luas dengan berbagai mal, pusat perbelanjaan, dan pasar tradisional. Pada akhir Juni 2011, ada 68 mal dan pusat-pusat perdagangan di Jakarta dan Gubernur direncanakan untuk menangguhkan izin untuk pusat komersial baru dengan jejak kaki yang lebih besar dari 5.000 meter persegi sejak 2012. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-67"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[68]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Jakarta </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhhDwncxTN4U8rzGnsKP6eo_GL0d3g#Jakarta" title="Daftar pusat perbelanjaan di Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pusat perbelanjaan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan daerah di lebih dari 100.000 meter persegi, termasuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhiHPwMiI7WBp6uDwnrqk3M2IbWqNw" title="Grand Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grand Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Place_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhCrqAsZxwzmIVhD6VuFc2N_PiB2Q" title="Pacific Place Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pacific Place Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhgQlPxrrBvbCxUywykL7eID8V02pQ" title="Plaza Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plaza Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_X%27nter&usg=ALkJrhhIOzmrkGXH6bp9hrCybw2a3An6Ow" title="Entertainment X'nter"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plaza e'X</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senayan_City&usg=ALkJrhjkHQ-xlvf5vqwWwsepbAMw4yJltg" title="Senayan City"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senayan City</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Senayan&usg=ALkJrhiMEp39DkrABais6JP35aW1sq92Hg" title="Plaza Senayan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plaza Senayan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , Pasaraya, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondok_Indah_Mall&usg=ALkJrhhuq2ZPXyWg_u1q6rrtkZlSsMs48w" title="Pondok Indah Mall"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pondok Indah Mall</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Taman_Anggrek&usg=ALkJrhiPzt3UBYAV6wjELbfqA-CSPa7pDQ" title="Mal Taman Anggrek"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mal Taman Anggrek</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Kelapa_Gading&usg=ALkJrhi1GWPZozI8MHZioT-RsYxnGK7Iwg" title="Mal Kelapa Gading"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mal Kelapa Gading</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Artha_Gading&usg=ALkJrhgoO2VmC-ndleXIWoWNuuqISfnkDA" title="Mal Artha Gading"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mal Artha Gading</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , dan Mall of Indonesia. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-68"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[69]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mal kecil tapi populer lainnya adalah Sarinah Thamrin, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratu_Plaza&usg=ALkJrhjQkudlLZkhMndNXzNNjfhu_QHOUg" title="Ratu Plaza"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ratu Plaza</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , Atrium Senen, Duta Besar Mall dan Pasar Festival. Pasar tradisional termasuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_M&usg=ALkJrhimBa3dxLycYrEBk1n6-igCVSu58Q" title="Blok M"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Blok M</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_Abang&usg=ALkJrhjahLTUEtCezchZdWS8U1MkZKzAiA" title="Tanah Abang"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanah Abang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senen&usg=ALkJrhiilu6vaK31CDiGrccrYDqm-mUcoA" title="Senen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senen</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , Pasar Baru, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glodok&usg=ALkJrhgPhwSce02NecE-BXkXnBPnJnhjQQ" title="Glodok"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Glodok</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , Mangga Dua, Cempaka Mas, dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatinegara&usg=ALkJrhjMrDtVuIpv6aIYDTfsYumRx_lMnA" title="Jatinegara"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jatinegara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Di Jakarta juga ada pasar yang menjual barang bekas, seperti Surabaya Street dan Pasar Rawabening. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taman </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monumen_nasional_jakarta.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhhcb0qJMqyFX1Au1-qyU7c3jo6zA" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Monument_%28Indonesia%29&usg=ALkJrhg0r5m909GFuir-ESJhvPEikQJLgw" title="Monumen Nasional (Indonesia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monumen Nasional</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di pusat Taman Medan Merdeka </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taman Lapangan Banteng (Buffalo Lapangan Park) yang terletak di Jakarta Pusat dekat </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque&usg=ALkJrhhWaSLXj8zPwBoY1eRLN2i5V2NCUw" title="Masjid Istiqlal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masjid Istiqlal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Cathedral&usg=ALkJrhhCXzf9Nyf-1Decd_L-jUlflGl-Vg" title="Katedral Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Katedral Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , dan Jakarta Kantor Pos Pusat. Ini adalah sekitar 4,5 hektar. Awalnya itu disebut Waterlooplein Batavia dan berfungsi sebagai alun-alun seremonial selama </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Indies&usg=ALkJrhhJAjCPlrDD8OXwXpSYd8pjRAEWrA" title="Hindia Belanda"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hindia Belanda</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> masa kolonial. Sejumlah monumen kolonial dan peringatan didirikan di alun-alun selama periode kolonial dihancurkan selama era Soekarno. Monumen yang paling terkenal di alun-alun adalah Monumen Pembebasan Irian Barat (Monumen Pembebasan Irian Barat). Selama tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an taman ini digunakan sebagai terminal bus. Pada tahun 1993 taman itu berubah menjadi ruang publik lagi. Hal ini telah menjadi tempat rekreasi bagi orang-orang dan kadang-kadang juga digunakan sebagai tempat pameran atau untuk acara lainnya. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-69"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[70]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Para Flona Jakarta (Flora Fauna murah), bunga dan tanaman dekorasi dan pameran hewan peliharaan, yang diadakan di taman ini sekitar bulan Agustus setiap tahunnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah&usg=ALkJrhjRlp7gxH0Q_7_VwcBeWY4-IDXwIw" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Taman Mini Indonesia), di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhgE9deFUeWMnrdmpKUYsz--gRVsLg" title="Jakarta Timur"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Timur</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , memiliki 10 taman mini. Tapi yang paling populer adalah Taman Burung atau Aviary </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TMII_Bird_Park.JPG&usg=ALkJrhjW-mzV-136OX0ptW1PppUOaFlDRg" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bulat kandang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviary&usg=ALkJrhi2vT3SpaKnDBKSG5340mobL3KsSw" title="Kandang burung"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bird Park</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah&usg=ALkJrhjRlp7gxH0Q_7_VwcBeWY4-IDXwIw" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taman Suropati terletak di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteng&usg=ALkJrhgY2qoHgVjHR86fcL9TbBGXsewocg" title="Menteng"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menteng</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kota kecamatan di Jakarta Pusat. Taman ini dikelilingi oleh beberapa bangunan kolonial Belanda. Taman Suropati dikenal sebagai Burgemeester Bishopplein selama masa kolonial Belanda. Taman yang berbentuk melingkar dengan luas permukaan 16.322 m2. Ada beberapa patung modern yang di taman yang dibuat oleh seniman dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN&usg=ALkJrhjRvgO-Zg1q_olQAzKEpKMGYQuIbQ" title="ASEAN"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ASEAN</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> negara, yang berkontribusi pada julukan taman <i>"Taman Persahabatan Seniman ASEAN"</i> ("Park dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN&usg=ALkJrhjRvgO-Zg1q_olQAzKEpKMGYQuIbQ" title="ASEAN"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ASEAN</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> persahabatan seniman "). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-70"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[71]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Juga terletak di daerah Menteng adalah Taman Menteng dan Situ Lembang taman kolam. Taman Menteng dibangun pada mantan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persija&usg=ALkJrhhXNeXdittgRaLsUtzHgsjoCC2kyQ" title="Persija"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persija</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Stadion sepak bola. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taman Monas (Monas Park) atau Taman Medan Merdeka (Taman Medan Merdeka) adalah persegi besar di mana simbol Jakarta, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monas&usg=ALkJrhgLJmnUac0sK9s2vAkz3-9xbElm-Q" title="Monas"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monas</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau Monumen Nasional (Monumen Nasional) berada. Ruang besar diciptakan oleh Belanda Gubernur Jenderal Willem Herman </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daendels&usg=ALkJrhiWqWR0xr4tS7kY9nHzK8UU9fVFNQ" title="Daendels"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daendels</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1810) dan awalnya bernama Koningsplein (Lapangan Raja). Pada tanggal 10 Januari 1993, Presiden Soeharto memprakarsai tindakan untuk memperindah alun-alun. Beberapa fitur di alun-alun adalah taman rusa dan 33 pohon yang mewakili 33 provinsi di Indonesia. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-71"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[72]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada bulan Juni 2011, Jakarta hanya 10,5 persen Ruang Terbuka Hijau (Green Open Space) dan akan ditambahkan ke 13,94 persen Ruang Terbuka Hijau Publik. Taman publik termasuk dalam Ruang Terbuka Hijau Publik. Pada tahun 2030, pemerintah juga berharap ada 16 persen Ruang Terbuka Hijau Privat. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-72"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[73]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transportasi </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta tegang karena masalah transportasi. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-bbc_20070606-73"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[74]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kota ini masih menderita kekurangan layanan transportasi umum perkotaan karena perkembangan diprioritaskan jaringan jalan, yang sebagian besar dirancang untuk mengakomodasi kendaraan pribadi. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-74"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[75]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kebanyakan perjalanan, bagaimanapun, adalah dilakukan oleh transportasi tidak bermotor (terutama berjalan) dan berbagai mode layanan transportasi publik atau permintaan responsif. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-jica-75"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[76]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modus transportasi </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No perjalanan ('000) </span></b></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">% Saham </span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berjalan </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14,073 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37.7 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bus kecil </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7,818 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20.9 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sepeda motor </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4,890 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.1 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sedan / kijang (SUV) </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,783 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.5 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menengah bus </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,012 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.4 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">besar bus </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,224 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ojek (taksi motor) </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1,073 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.9 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sepeda </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">787 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sekolah / perusahaan bus </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">466 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kereta ekonomi </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">434 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Patas AC (bis) </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">422 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kuda / mini taksi </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">298 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.8 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">omprengan </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">295 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.8 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bajaj </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">217 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.6 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">becak </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">202 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.5 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengambil </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">131 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.4 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">taksi </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">126 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.3 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kereta ekspres </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">39 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.1 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 19;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">truk </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.1 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 20;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lainnya </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.0 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 21; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">total </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37,330 </span></div></td> <td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">100 </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-SITRAMP-76"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[77]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jalan </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah jaringan jalan yang terstruktur telah dikembangkan di awal abad 19 sebagai bagian dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Post_Road&usg=ALkJrhifw04j4rRNkigD6NbHFIC1RmXNYA" title="Besar Post Road"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jalan Pos Besar Jawa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daendels&usg=ALkJrhiWqWR0xr4tS7kY9nHzK8UU9fVFNQ" title="Daendels"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daendels</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , menghubungkan kota-kota paling utama di seluruh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java&usg=ALkJrhguNIBcvKRERy6jlXh7Of67PoT2-g" title="Jawa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Selama dekade berikutnya, jaringan jalan diperluas untuk sebagian besar, meskipun tidak bisa bersaing dengan jumlah yang meningkat pesat kendaraan bermotor, sehingga masalah lalu lintas hari ini. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah fitur penting dari sistem jalan ini Jakarta adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road&usg=ALkJrhgkCBjubSAF7XixwZ3CG-XdfszR1Q" title="Jalan tol"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jalan tol</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> jaringan. Terdiri dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Inner_Ring_Road&usg=ALkJrhh49tNLqU6183BjN5b91V__MEJ1kQ" title="Jakarta Jalan Lingkar Dalam"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dalam</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Outer_Ring_Road&usg=ALkJrhgQWEvnioYZSwG8oik2NNEP0wAI_g" title="Jalan Lingkar Luar Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">luar</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_road&usg=ALkJrhh3IzFIeXa_9jbiIgQI1L5y6k20nw" title="Jalan raya yg mengitari sebuah kota"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jalan lingkar</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan lima jalan tol memancar keluar, jaringan menyediakan koneksi baik di dalam kota itu sendiri serta daerah sekitarnya. Jalan lingkar luar di bawah konstruksi, tetapi sebagian besar digunakan. Sedangkan 6 </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Elevated_Toll_Road&usg=ALkJrhjLVIaDMr2KcDXsVNRyfcli8hjy_A" title="Jakarta Peningkatan Jalan Tol"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Jalan Tol Peningkatan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ini masih dalam proses tender. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lihat juga: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_toll_roads_in_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhiSkrzY3L9Dn3Q8G88nY-TEZ6EWfQ" title="Daftar jalan tol di Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar jalan tol di Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lima jalan tol memancarkan adalah: </span></div><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prof._Dr._Sedyatmo_Toll_Road&usg=ALkJrhh-dDDGAgf1GClu3F26Yxyy6oi7lg" title="Prof Dr Sedyatmo Jalan Tol"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prof Dr Jalan Tol Sedyatmo</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang menghubungkan ke </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno-Hatta_International_Airport&usg=ALkJrhjpWTshgawHeZI-qvwdKIUgXIC6Sg" title="Soekarno-Hatta International Airport"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soekarno-Hatta International Airport</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta-Tangerang_Toll_Road&usg=ALkJrhh-YEna-ebgcjTjpwVZ7XGHusHKTg" title="Jakarta-Tangerang Jalan Tol"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta-Tangerang Jalan Tol</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang menghubungkan ke </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerang&usg=ALkJrhjnE9RMRTAIbNNjkoCiAyU3R0bSMw" title="Tangerang"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tangerang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan selanjutnya ke </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merak,_Banten&usg=ALkJrhgINmcdxVzZPJ8xE8-x_g-jdgKvTg" title="Merak, Banten"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merak</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di barat </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta-Serpong_Toll_Road&usg=ALkJrhilRlFTu3SmqBu8ocYJVz-uz2inRQ" title="Jakarta-Serpong Jalan Tol"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta-Serpong Jalan Tol</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang menghubungkan ke </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSerpong%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhgLJhdrD9z6f3aInlI7wxl1VH41yg" title="Serpong (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Serpong</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagorawi_Toll_Road&usg=ALkJrhjfgelUeizkwtRFOPp0ulsMvfHoPw" title="Jalan Tol Jagorawi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jalan Tol Jagorawi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang menghubungkan ke </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogor&usg=ALkJrhhZbV9mGdO021Jxd2Y60V_31JxR8g" title="Bogor"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bogor</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DCiawi%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjy09MbWABwHPyPACv9HTvPQro1wQ" title="Ciawi (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ciawi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di selatan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta-Cikampek_Toll_Road&usg=ALkJrhiKWb5Iq4EwTlvtbTBquU9iTEi4Uw" title="Jakarta-Cikampek Jalan Tol"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta-Cikampek Jalan Tol</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang menghubungkan ke </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekasi&usg=ALkJrhj2yj5kRN41m2z2eh5wnK1vyuKwRQ" title="Bekasi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bekasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cikampek&usg=ALkJrhhyRP2j1BAIg3hKt1tvLvDxaQjsXQ" title="Cikampek"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cikampek</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di timur </span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sepanjang tahun, beberapa usaha telah dilakukan untuk mengurangi kemacetan lalu lintas di arteri utama Jakarta. Solusi Diimplementasikan termasuk aturan 'tiga-dalam-satu' selama jam-jam sibuk, di mana mobil dengan kurang dari tiga penumpang dilarang mengemudi di jalan utama. Contoh lain adalah pelarangan truk siang hari. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-77"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[78]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">transportasi jalan umum </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun 1966, sebuah diperkirakan 160.000 </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw&usg=ALkJrhjWovD9rfsrsqSAQqrFCaroz3mstQ" title="Penarik becak"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">becak</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>(becak)</i> yang beroperasi di kota, sebanyak 15% dari total angkatan kerja Jakarta terlibat dalam mengemudi <i>becak.</i> Pada tahun 1971, <i>becak</i> dilarang dari jalan utama, dan tidak lama kemudian pemerintah berupaya larangan total, yang secara substansial mengurangi jumlah mereka tapi tidak menghilangkannya. Sebuah kampanye untuk menghilangkan mereka berhasil pada tahun 1990 dan 1991, tetapi selama krisis ekonomi tahun 1998, beberapa kembali di tengah upaya pemerintah kurang efektif untuk mengendalikan mereka. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-azuma2003-78"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[79]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Becak Auto", yang disebut </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_rickshaw&usg=ALkJrhgs9MxTpeFL9fzcttVnaBPLgHvbyQ" title="Auto becak"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bajaj</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , menyediakan transportasi lokal di jalan-jalan belakang beberapa bagian kota. Dari awal 1940-an sampai 1991 mereka adalah bentuk umum dari transportasi lokal di kota. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TransJakarta_Bundaran_HI_1.jpg&usg=ALkJrhj3kgQh16lZEGpmlXxMbx8nKidgpg" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransJakarta&usg=ALkJrhiu7j4GuQ5V-MKZyNW0oGrn4j2lpA" title="TransJakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TransJakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bus </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransJakarta&usg=ALkJrhiu7j4GuQ5V-MKZyNW0oGrn4j2lpA" title="TransJakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TransJakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit&usg=ALkJrhgAfGKLB8UxiC-XneoU7MUsf-92cw" title="Bus Rapid Transit"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bus rapid transit</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> layanan (dikenal sebagai busway) dikembangkan dalam konteks reformasi pembangunan (atau <i>reformasi)</i> dan digunakan Bogota </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransMilenio&usg=ALkJrhgQj2n9c9_K8kd_L9yHy0HGzPz_qg" title="TransMilenio"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TransMilenio</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sistem sebagai model. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-lo2010-79"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[80]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pertama busway Jakarta line, dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_M&usg=ALkJrhimBa3dxLycYrEBk1n6-igCVSu58Q" title="Blok M"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Blok M</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ke </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Kota_Station&usg=ALkJrhijWwR-qp1sRRbq6R2Kv_b9liCtNA" title="Stasiun Jakarta Kota"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Kota</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dibuka pada Januari 2004 dan per 31 Desember 2010, sepuluh dari lima belas <i>koridor</i> sedang digunakan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 4;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DJakarta%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D25&usg=ALkJrhhjt2E4pEgTcYvF6tIhKBZABJhYhA" title="Sunting bagian: Electronic Road Pricing">sunting</a> ] Electronic Road Pricing </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena kemacetan akut kota, pemerintah DKI Jakarta akan menerapkan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Road_Pricing&usg=ALkJrhjt2XIHwnHqXMW1FNZBzCjJc3u95g" title="Jalan Elektronik Harga"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Electronic Road Pricing</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di 10 kabupaten: Tanah Abang, Menteng, Setiabudi, Tebet, Matraman, Senen, Gambir, Tambora, Sawah Besar dan Taman Sari. Proyek-proyek akan awal setelah dasar hukum dari Departemen Keuangan. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-80"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[81]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kereta Api </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KRL_Jabotabek_7117_Gambir.jpg&usg=ALkJrhhCQMfKFP3YkBl8uze74Tz4NEzJMg" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRL_Jabotabek&usg=ALkJrhh8RuXL84ixEazKbbTBbybRqrkLEQ" title="KRL Jabotabek"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KRL Jabotabek</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kereta komuter </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jarak jauh dan layanan kereta api trem lokal pertama kali diperkenalkan selama era kolonial Belanda. Sementara trem digantikan dengan bus di era pasca-kolonial, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhhgR8uzGHYwHyckZYQhw17YX7wpUQ" title="Transportasi rel di Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kereta api jarak jauh</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terus untuk menghubungkan kota untuk daerah-daerah tetangganya serta kota di seluruh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java&usg=ALkJrhguNIBcvKRERy6jlXh7Of67PoT2-g" title="Jawa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Kota-kota sekitar Jakarta dilayani oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRL_Jabotabek&usg=ALkJrhh8RuXL84ixEazKbbTBbybRqrkLEQ" title="KRL Jabotabek"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KRL Jabotabek</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , sistem transportasi massal cepat yang melayani penumpang baik di Jakarta dan sekitarnya. Stasiun kereta api utama adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambir_Station&usg=ALkJrhiJ4Q6rvbF1bqnxO8wkAn9jTXc4zg" title="Stasiun Gambir"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gambir</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Kota_Station&usg=ALkJrhijWwR-qp1sRRbq6R2Kv_b9liCtNA" title="Stasiun Jakarta Kota"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta Kota</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatinegara_Station&usg=ALkJrhivpj0GGylSyRwylvZ_geV6FODpow" title="Stasiun Jatinegara"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jatinegara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasar_Senen_Station&usg=ALkJrhio-sFJ5PQq-coxPsb9V6nIXR6g7A" title="Stasiun Pasar Senen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pasar Senen</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , Manggarai, dan Tanah Abang. Selama jam-jam sibuk, jumlah penumpang sangat melebihi kapasitas sistem, dan berkerumun adalah umum. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sudah ada rencana untuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Monorail&usg=ALkJrhg7jWOzuhvibSZEy5pvNC9ZUd2scA" title="Jakarta Monorail"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">monorel</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan bagian dari itu sudah dibangun, tetapi proyek terhenti pada tahun 2004 dan secara resmi ditinggalkan pada 2008, sebagian besar karena kurangnya investor untuk membiayai itu semua. Jika sudah selesai, monorel akan terdiri dari dua garis: garis hijau melayani Semanggi-Casablanca-Kuningan-Jalan Semanggi dan garis biru melayani Kampung Melayu-Casablanca-Jalan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_Abang&usg=ALkJrhjahLTUEtCezchZdWS8U1MkZKzAiA" title="Tanah Abang"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanah Abang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> - </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy,_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhj703voyVkoBQIQ-pmXy5vbzrYJ8Q" title="Roxy, Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Roxy</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-81"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[82]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Mass_Rapid_Transit&usg=ALkJrhgsSsm6-fS60At6G3Gc5gvWK-Dtcg" title="Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dua jalur metro (MRT) sistem</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> saat ini sedang dikembangkan, dengan garis utara-selatan antara Kota dan Lebak Bulus, dengan koneksi ke kedua saluran monorel, dan garis timur-barat, yang akan terhubung ke jalur utara-selatan di Stasiun Sawah Besar. Pada akhirnya JMRT akan menjadi kombinasi dari kedua kereta bawah tanah dan rel ditinggikan. Sistem metro akan dibangun mulai tahun 2011 dengan garis panjang 15,2 km antara Hotel Indonesia dan Lebak Bulus, dan jaringan MRT seluruh dijadwalkan akan beroperasi pada tahun 2016. Karena itu, direncanakan lima tersisa </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransJakarta&usg=ALkJrhiu7j4GuQ5V-MKZyNW0oGrn4j2lpA" title="TransJakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">busway</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> telah ditunda. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-82"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[83]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pemerintah Kota DKI Jakarta telah memutuskan untuk membangun rel transit berbasis massa karena jenis transportasi yang mampu mengangkut penumpang dalam jumlah besar dengan cepat dan murah. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-83"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[84]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DJakarta%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D27&usg=ALkJrhgt47sRNgmnWhLcuMZa3zbZeX4saQ" title="Sunting bagian: Udara">sunting</a> ] Udara </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno-Hatta_International_Airport&usg=ALkJrhjpWTshgawHeZI-qvwdKIUgXIC6Sg" title="Soekarno-Hatta International Airport"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soekarno-Hatta International Airport</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (CGK) adalah bandara utama yang melayani wilayah Jakarta yang lebih besar. Bandara ini dinamai setelah Presiden pertama Indonesia, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno&usg=ALkJrhiU8hKoTlDMHv8z778_Z_uO_X1UxA" title="Soekarno"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soekarno</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , dan wakil presiden pertama, Mohammad Hatta. Bandara Cengkareng sering disebut oleh orang Indonesia. Bandara IATA kode, CGK, berasal dari nama lokalitas Cengkareng, sebuah distrik yang terletak di barat laut kota. Ini adalah bandara tersibuk di Indonesia menangani hampir 40 juta penumpang per tahun. Sebuah bandara kedua, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halim_Perdanakusuma_International_Airport&usg=ALkJrhge0LQLj3ZUHAz6jyh80zuQO9T1rQ" title="Bandara Internasional Halim Perdanakusuma"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bandara Internasional Halim Perdanakusuma</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (HLP) melayani sebagian besar swasta dan VIP / presiden penerbangan. Bandara lain di wilayah metropolitan Jabotabek termasuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondok_Cabe_Airport&usg=ALkJrhjEujG6be00b_nZdped4WX5zEtamg" title="Bandara Pondok Cabe"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bandara Pondok Cabe</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan lapangan terbang di Pulau Panjang, bagian dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Islands_%28Indonesia%29&usg=ALkJrhhGoUEbHWgKmDzwk3A_Gncr1G7vfw" title="Kepulauan Seribu (Indonesia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kepulauan Seribu Pulau</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DJakarta%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D28&usg=ALkJrhiqQXhKZjQiQ0ha7da2IZu0rGMIow" title="Sunting bagian: Waterway">sunting</a> ] Waterway </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tanggal 6 Juni 2007, pemerintah kota memperkenalkan Waterway <i>(Angkutan Sungai</i> resmi), sebuah layanan baru sungai perahu di sepanjang Sungai Ciliwung. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-bbc_20070606-73"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[74]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-waterway2-84"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[85]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Namun, karena jumlah besar sampah mengambang yang membuat macet baling-baling, itu tidak lagi dalam pelayanan. Berbagai tingkat air selama musim kering dan basah juga merupakan faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap menutup-down. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[ <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DJakarta%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D29&usg=ALkJrhgYyrRufAdtoEj7Lq4xSSSOF8fj-Q" title="Sunting bagian: Laut">sunting</a> ] Laut </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelabuhan utama Jakarta </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhgL6FZEM-OBl0gQ_XClK_KTZl7XhA" title="Pelabuhan Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanjung Priok</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> melayani koneksi banyak feri berbagai daerah di Indonesia. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhgL6FZEM-OBl0gQ_XClK_KTZl7XhA" title="Pelabuhan Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanjung Priok</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah pelabuhan terbesar di Indonesia, dengan kapasitas lalu lintas tahunan sekitar 45 juta ton kargo dan 4.000.000 TEU itu. Port juga seorang majikan penting di daerah, dengan lebih dari 18.000 karyawan yang memberikan layanan kepada lebih dari 18.000 kapal setiap tahun. <i>Pelabuhan Jakarta</i> memiliki 20 terminal: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo&usg=ALkJrhirCZVy61F1pSqeyU6AFhuzEXomsA" title="Muatan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kargo umum</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_terminal&usg=ALkJrhh_Mr6gP7r5Qt8P8VEFI7i5_i4OeA" title="Terminal kontainer"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terminal serbaguna</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrap&usg=ALkJrhh1Nu4ww4ziTornNGxc2n9ZbUaw7Q" title="Scrap"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terminal memo</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger&usg=ALkJrhh8DEeQHmQTWiNx__zf-jerpR8S_g" title="Penumpang"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terminal penumpang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_cargo&usg=ALkJrhhjSQLWTplXtLAWBgtuR39eLQ9V_Q" title="Massal kargo"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terminal curah kering</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_liquids&usg=ALkJrhhy-D_hLabwrGSi8Y8JRQBHYwU2CQ" title="Cairan Massal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terminal curah cair</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil&usg=ALkJrhj-bNwH0G8-gWxmVrGzP_ijQPzQyg" title="Minyak"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terminal minyak</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical&usg=ALkJrhikHHXdZXLlTfuPbNrA8nhMLaRxrQ" title="Kimia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terminal bahan kimia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan tiga </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_terminal&usg=ALkJrhh_Mr6gP7r5Qt8P8VEFI7i5_i4OeA" title="Terminal kontainer"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terminal kontainer</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , 76 </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berth_%28moorings%29&usg=ALkJrhieepquy6V2JT9QrG1ctOXQe2kRXA" title="Dermaga (tambatan)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tempat berlabuh</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , sebuah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quay&usg=ALkJrhiNebw1vBVnY0pHKu7EVDJ-faG6SA" title="Dermaga"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dermaga</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> panjang 16.853 meter, total area penyimpanan dari 661.822 m <sup>2</sup> dan kapasitas penyimpanan 401.468 ton. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-85"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[86]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendidikan </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lihat juga: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhjt3o2j9qIASSNgySRPE6hA2yAC-Q" title="Daftar universitas di Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar universitas di Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhi9Jxbjjl5Lthohc_RwTJnel5KG_g" title="Daftar sekolah di Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar sekolah di Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fakultas_Kedokteran_Universitas_Indonesia.JPG&usg=ALkJrhgcFQZlZLQ8bi5yHKpZDSU84rqBYA" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fakultas Kedokteran, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhhfrLDzPf7cQK1lgAAOw4jQkOAE5w" title="Universitas Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Universitas Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta adalah rumah bagi sejumlah universitas, di mana </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhhfrLDzPf7cQK1lgAAOw4jQkOAE5w" title="Universitas Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Universitas Indonesia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah yang terbesar. Ini adalah universitas milik negara dengan kampus di Salemba dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depok&usg=ALkJrhgOCESzBxJuu4kTMAU51hMMpHY-sw" title="Depok"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Depok</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-86"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[87]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSTOVIA%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhhE3Sb7ebClwIzs2oKqgbt3ACaJAw" title="STOVIA (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">STOVIA</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah sekolah tinggi pertama di Jakarta, didirikan pada 1851. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-87"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[88]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sebagai kota terbesar dan ibukota, Jakarta rumah sejumlah besar mahasiswa dari berbagai daerah di Indonesia, banyak di antaranya berada di asrama atau rumah-rumah tinggal tetap. Untuk pendidikan dasar, ada berbagai sekolah dasar dan menengah, ditandai dengan publik <i>(nasional),</i> swasta <i>(nasional plus nasional dan bi-lingual)</i> dan sekolah <i>internasional.</i> Dua dari sekolah internasional yang besar terletak di Jakarta adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_International_School&usg=ALkJrhjD7v6AtdLngji5q8uJ2ECZnqsa_Q" title="Jakarta International School"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta International School</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_School,_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhgbJ3L7CMXHc1oBU6IwdMMEp8r9bA" title="British International School, Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">British International School (BIS)</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Sekolah internasional lainnya termasuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_International_Korean_School&usg=ALkJrhh6k1Uy2mYU1ThtAvKDfwdMG9Tj3w" title="Jakarta International Korea Sekolah"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta International Korea Sekolah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DJakarta_International_Multicultural_School%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhg9YepGbD9l0Z5W4kGr-jGPbqKHbA" title="Jakarta International School Multikultural (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta International School Multikultural</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-88"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[89]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_International_School,_Indonesia&usg=ALkJrhimSyDfjv2s0cHtySLYu1IXL4ItJA" title="Sekolah Internasional Australia, Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekolah Internasional Australia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-89"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[90]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DNew_Zealand_International_School%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&usg=ALkJrhjZxZb8YI61Q9eYPhayCMH3v8hR9w" title="Selandia Baru Sekolah Internasional (halaman tidak ada)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">New Zealand International School</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-90"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[91]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_International_School&usg=ALkJrhif5QOgI5skCvn5WF0JFb9G04yXoA" title="Singapore International School"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Singapore International School</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekolah_Pelita_Harapan&usg=ALkJrhhOQMI_7sJ4VXDZMpKchB0o81-Mhg" title="Sekolah Pelita Harapan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekolah Pelita Harapan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-91"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[92]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Olahraga </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gelora_Bung_Karno_Stadium,_Asia_Cup_2007.jpg&usg=ALkJrhg6iSBk97v-NuP6M7o6fPIUt30Fjg"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gelora_Bung_Karno_Stadium%2C_Asia_Cup_2007.jpg/220px-Gelora_Bung_Karno_Stadium%2C_Asia_Cup_2007.jpg" border="0" height="165" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" width="220" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gelora_Bung_Karno_Stadium,_Asia_Cup_2007.jpg&usg=ALkJrhg6iSBk97v-NuP6M7o6fPIUt30Fjg" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bung_Karno_Stadium&usg=ALkJrhgvSs5mcG5PfbzUTXrNL56wwOiugA" title="Stadion Gelora Bung Karno"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stadion Gelora Bung Karno</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> saat pertandingan sepak bola antara Indonesia vs Korea Selatan pada tahun 2007 AFC </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Cup&usg=ALkJrhiV4T7NDJVtCgMSTU1lf7Bje-36Dw" title="Piala Asia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Piala Asia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta tuan rumah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Asian_Games&usg=ALkJrhgolGpAq2QbseQwYpLPxUQknuvY9A" title="Asian Games 1962"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asian Games pada tahun 1962</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-92"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[93]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tuan rumah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Cup_2007&usg=ALkJrhic_3H3L2QRSqhYeHuHCiu9EknQ3g" title="Piala Asia 2007"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Piala Asia 2007</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di samping Malaysia, Thailand dan Vietnam, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-93"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[94]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan telah menyelenggarakan skala regional </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games&usg=ALkJrhjPWwA3Ec5KwtJJGayO2EZTk_CMAA" title="Tenggara Asian Games"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Southeast Asian Games</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pada tahun 1979, 1987 dan 1997. Pada tahun 2011, Jakarta bersama dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang&usg=ALkJrhiNT2_vqUGj_bFynXyAhkG79KD1_A" title="Palembang"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Palembang</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , kembali akan menjadi tuan rumah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Southeast_Asian_Games&usg=ALkJrhhf8b21TQzqVmvlbpNqrwgAalNH1g" title="Asian Games 2011 Tenggara"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asian Games Tenggara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang paling populer rumah Jakarta klub sepak bola </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persija_Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhj3vUHmWPD5SbxOj2-ZwVEHZh8nNw" title="Persija Jakarta"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persija</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , yang memainkan pertandingan di stadion rumah mereka di Stadion Gelora Bung Karno atau di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebak_Bulus&usg=ALkJrhgVTMh5IrgPG9cMbWOiS7BnFYmfyg" title="Lebak Bulus"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebak Bulus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Stadium. Pertandingan Persija rumah sering menarik kipas besar - cladded dengan kit oranye khas Persija - untuk menonton pertandingan di stadion utama. Para penonton yang besar berduyun-duyun ke stadion utama biasanya memperburuk kemacetan di Jakarta. Lain tim divisi premier adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persitara_Jakarta_Utara&usg=ALkJrhjXtaaIm1sScGWoyPL0m3rDeEAXBg" title="Persitara Jakarta Utara"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persitara</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang memainkan pertandingan dalam Sumantri Brojonegoro Stadium di kawasan Kuningan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stadion terbesar di Jakarta adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelora_Bung_Karno_Stadium&usg=ALkJrhhK-wuf9jnXOD0Cdhx4Cki61fQnQA" title="Gelora Bung Karno"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelora Bung Karno</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan kapasitas 88.083 kursi. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-94"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[95]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Para kompleks olahraga Senayan memiliki beberapa tempat olahraga, termasuk stadion sepak bola Bung Karno, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madya_Stadium&usg=ALkJrhiFYfr0di-0w1LSn_SCOFSpygp7iw" title="Stadion Madya"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stadion Madya</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , Istora Senayan, air arena, lapangan bisbol, basket pengadilan, bulutangkis, berbagai penembakan, beberapa lapangan tenis indoor dan outdoor dan driving range golf. Kompleks Senayan dibangun pada tahun 1959 untuk mengakomodasi Asian Games pada tahun 1962. Untuk basket, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelapa_Gading_Sport_Mall&usg=ALkJrhj66_qjtALuQH88PFSifeYmM4vmhw" title="Kelapa Gading Sport Mall"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelapa Gading Sport Mall</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelapa_Gading&usg=ALkJrhgOtepsHc1fbCcA-B2u-9YveX43RA" title="Kelapa Gading"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelapa Gading</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , Jakarta Utara, dengan kapasitas 7.000 kursi, adalah arena rumah dari tim basket nasional Indonesia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jakarta_Car_Free_Day.jpg&usg=ALkJrhggbjA4XQEUhyggvFK5RnXhP86evQ" title=""Memperbesar" "><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Description: http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pejalan kaki Jakarta, lari dan sepeda mengambil alih jalan utama selama Hari Bebas Mobil. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car-Free_Days&usg=ALkJrhgTZ_DdffDy8Rwion02zCXtWKK96g" title="Hari Bebas Mobil"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hari Bebas Mobil</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> diadakan setiap bulan pada setiap hari Minggu terakhir bulan di jalan utama kota, Jalan Sudirman dan Jalan Thamrin, 06:00-0:00. Mobil Bebas Hari singkat yang hanya berlangsung 6:00-9:00 diadakan pada setiap hari Minggu lainnya. Acara ini mengundang pejalan kaki lokal untuk melakukan olahraga dan latihan dan memiliki kegiatan mereka di jalanan yang biasanya penuh mobil dan lalu lintas. Sepanjang jalan dari bundaran Senayan di Jalan Sudirman, Jakarta Selatan, ke Monumen "Selamat Datang" di bundaran Hotel Indonesia di Jalan Thamrin, semua jalan utara ke Monumen Nasional Jakarta Pusat, mobil dibersihkan keluar untuk pejalan kaki. Senam pagi, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calisthenics&usg=ALkJrhhiyZB9UMx4W62nuMP4pYz_ZK2_rQ" title="Senam"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">senam</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan latihan aerobik, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futsal&usg=ALkJrhiNEAXhA4v7Ju-SLm2iGksExT_g0Q" title="Futsal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">futsal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> game, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogging&usg=ALkJrhhw4Vr1QME5RzxLfgo9Yux7xbs1RQ" title="Jogging"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">joging</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycling&usg=ALkJrhj_afSm2YR9XRTsnouxBqN0cyAZRw" title="Persepedaan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bersepeda</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding&usg=ALkJrhhysr0J8z9r90yO_RUDXTVn2qCW9Q" title="Skateboarding"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">skateboard</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , bulu tangkis, karate, perpustakaan di jalanan dan pertunjukan musik mengambil alih jalan dan taman-taman utama di Jakarta. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_note-95"><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[96]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demikian yang bisa saya simpulkan, semoga paper ini bermanfaat bagimasyarakat pada umumnya dan mahasiswa pada umumnya. Apabila makalah initerdapat kekurangan maupun kesalahan dalam penulisan/pembahasan saya mengucapkan mohon maaf.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Referensi </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-0"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://worldstepper-daworldisntenough.blogspot.com/2008/04/go-jakarta-how-to-appreciate-big-durian.html&usg=ALkJrhj18Ry6CsUy3fLYYWYxvmdfkc5EIQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Travel Indonesia Guide - Cara menghargai 'Big Durian' Jakarta"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Worldstepper-daworldisntenough.blogspot.com. 8 April Diperoleh 27 April 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-jabo1_1-0"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.indonesia.go.id/id/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D4075%26Itemid%3D1510&usg=ALkJrhiyuE7ocVW_vCWe1b4iMMoH_9RFiQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Jabotabek"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (dalam bahasa Indonesia). Provinsi DKI . Diperoleh 8 Desember 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-2"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2010/08/24/21011791/Tidak.Gampang.Dapat.KTP.DKI"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Tidak Gampang Dapat KTP DKI"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (dalam bahasa Indonesia). . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^ </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-JKTPOS_3-0"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span></sup></i></b></a></span><b><i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-JKTPOS_3-1"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b</span></sup></i></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/28/after-census-city-plans-95-million.html&usg=ALkJrhhhHd5p_bc8A2ulZPN3xcyo-rOtaA"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Setelah sensus kota rencana untuk 9,5 juta"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Jakarta . Diperoleh 27 April 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-4"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/jakarta&usg=ALkJrhjtENglRzhwtbycY8RMSdDh40zX4g"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Dictionary.com"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diakses 31 Mei 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-5"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html&usg=ALkJrhjcuYT73LPKdoS8QWzvIAtLLXmK9Q"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Dunia Menurut GaWC 2008"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Globalisasi dan. Dunia Kota Study Group dan Jaringan (GaWC).</i> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughborough_University&usg=ALkJrhjnheyEwPgO7h3kzBnpt6wv4ljnrA" title="Loughborough University"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Loughborough University</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Diperoleh 7 Desember 2009. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-6"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/1532&usg=ALkJrhi3FE5AyXL18CobhSpKY7kKnyT7Bg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Sojourn Dalam Durian Besar"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diakses 14 Maret 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-7"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Sundakala: cuplikan Sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah "Panitia Wangsakerta" Cirebon.</i> Yayasan Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta. 2005. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-8"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Drs. R. oleh Soekmono, (1973, cetak ulang edisi 5 tahun 1988). Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia <i>2, 2nd ed..</i> Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. hal halaman 60. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-9"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Sumber-sumber asli Sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-Dokumen Sejarah Jakarta Sampai Akhir Abad ke DENGAN-16.</i> Cipta Loka Caraka. 1999. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^ </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-autogenerated2_10-0"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span></sup></i></b></a></span><b><i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-autogenerated2_10-1"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b</span></sup></i></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp&usg=ALkJrhj2tH2FrPkNH20l7OHkSlSCFsLB4Q"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Sejarah Jakarta"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp29_11-0"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ricklefs, MC (1993). <i>Sebuah Sejarah Indonesia modern Sejak c.1300</i> (2nd ed.). London: MacMillan. hal 29. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&usg=ALkJrhiUYhDFpM9yFBrZnktUSCzoqafdIw" title="Nomor Buku Internasional Standar"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISBN</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6&usg=ALkJrhibWjurQdInybmxpmyFEojVaIIB8w" title="Khusus: BookSources/0-333-57689-6"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0-333-57689-6</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-1596to1619_12-0"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Heuken, Adolf (2000) <i>Sumber-sumber asli Sejarah Jakarta Jilid II:. Dokumen-Dokumen Sejarah Jakarta Dari kedatangan Kapal Pertama Belanda (1596) Tahun 1619 Sampai DENGAN (sumber Asli Sejarah Jakarta bagian II: Dokumen sejarah Jakarta dari kedatangan kapal Belanda pertama (1596) ke tahun 1619).</i> Jakarta: Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^ </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-LONELYPLANETp138-139_13-0"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span></sup></i></b></a></span><b><i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-LONELYPLANETp138-139_13-1"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b</span></sup></i></b></a></span><b><i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-LONELYPLANETp138-139_13-2"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c</span></sup></i></b></a></span><b><i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-LONELYPLANETp138-139_13-3"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d</span></sup></i></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Witton, Patrick (2003). <i>Indonesia.</i> Jakarta: Publikasi Lonely Planet. hlm 138-139. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&usg=ALkJrhiUYhDFpM9yFBrZnktUSCzoqafdIw" title="Nomor Buku Internasional Standar"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISBN</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-154-2&usg=ALkJrhj6wwd950UOxR6S_IjU9i4ksvfumA" title="Khusus: BookSources/1-74059-154-2"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1-74059-154-2</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-14"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://web.archive.org/web/20090220150339/http://www.bapekojakartapusat.go.id/node/42&usg=ALkJrhgI4lPU8ryi7NMRtqk0fGiFmR03yg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menteng: Pelopor Kota Taman</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , 3 November 2007 </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-15"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/13.htm&usg=ALkJrhheq0FUskOLEyHSp_COpruHMXF3hw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kolonial Ekonomi dan Masyarakat, 1870-1940</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Sumber: <i>US Library of Congress.</i> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-16"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science%3F_ob%3DArticleURL%26_udi%3DB6VC6-4T4HJKW-2%26_user%3D10%26_rdoc%3D1%26_fmt%3D%26_orig%3Dsearch%26_sort%3Dd%26_docanchor%3D%26view%3Dc%26_searchStrId%3D949420039%26_rerunOrigin%3Dgoogle%26_acct%3DC000050221%26_version%3D1%26_urlVersion%3D0%26_userid%3D10%26md5%3Da406b85e0a44bef9ed9ad2d055bcd62b&usg=ALkJrhixWO5PS8SUdu8QcZUyMi_axSLcpA"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerintahan Kegagalan: Memikirkan kembali Dimensi Kelembagaan Pasokan Air Perkotaan untuk Rumah Tangga Miskin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . ScienceDirect. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-17"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> www.jakarta.go.id </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">19.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-18"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kusno, Abidin (2000) <i>Dibalik Postkolonial:. Arsitektur, Ruang Kota dan Budaya Politik.</i> New York City: Routledge. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&usg=ALkJrhiUYhDFpM9yFBrZnktUSCzoqafdIw" title="Nomor Buku Internasional Standar"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISBN</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415236150&usg=ALkJrhi9MZS7YHQ0POUCriRACkBhTJfbNw" title="Khusus: BookSources/0415236150"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0415236150</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">20.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-19"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Schoppert, P.; Damais, S. (1997) <i>Gaya Jawa..</i> Paris: Didier Millet. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&usg=ALkJrhiUYhDFpM9yFBrZnktUSCzoqafdIw" title="Nomor Buku Internasional Standar"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISBN</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-593-232-1&usg=ALkJrhj1A2IX1DtfRAQAwLY9NRrFw0gy0g" title="Khusus: BookSources/962-593-232-1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">962-593-232-1</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">21.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-20"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106450/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhB4_-i3rNxFqCYv45PT3utBA-sBA#13148.toc"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Jakarta"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . <i>Encyclopedia Britannica Online.</i> Encyclopædia Britannica, . Diakses 17 September 2007. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">22.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-21"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Douglas, M. (1989). "Keberlanjutan Lingkungan Pembangunan Koordinasi,. Insentif dan Will Politik dalam Perencanaan Penggunaan Lahan untuk Metropolis Jakarta". <i>Perencanaan Dunia Ketiga Tinjauan</i> <b>11</b> (2 halaman = pp 211-238). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">23.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-22"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Douglas, M. (1992). "Ekonomi Politik Kemiskinan Perkotaan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup di Asia: Akses, Pemberdayaan dan berbasis masyarakat Alternatif" <i>Lingkungan dan Urbanisasi</i> <b>4</b> (2):. 9-32. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier&usg=ALkJrhhVSdjLB4IWEB_gGpEWzHOw77FLnQ" title="Objek digital identifier"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DOI</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> : </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%252F095624789200400203&usg=ALkJrhjVNSz8Wgu0W2-H-9Htrz63-Kd74Q"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.1177/095624789200400203</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">24.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-23"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Turner, Peter (1997) <i>Jawa (1st edition)..</i> Jakarta: Lonely Planet. hal 315. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&usg=ALkJrhiUYhDFpM9yFBrZnktUSCzoqafdIw" title="Nomor Buku Internasional Standar"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISBN</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86442-314-4&usg=ALkJrhhleSrWQuQcjD6TuNPQJ0VndF5AUQ" title="Khusus: BookSources/0-86442-314-4"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0-86442-314-4</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">25.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-24"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Sajor, Edsel E. (2003) </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-7660.00325%3FcookieSet%3D1%26journalCode%3Ddech&usg=ALkJrhjSJsL8ZNy0VzQl0XCgpqrN4xtcQQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Globalisasi dan Boom Properti Perkotaan di Metro Cebu, Filipina"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Pembangunan dan Perubahan</i> <b>34</b> (4).: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">26.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-25"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Teman, Theodore (2003). <i>nasib Indonesia.</i> Harvard University Press. hal 329. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&usg=ALkJrhiUYhDFpM9yFBrZnktUSCzoqafdIw" title="Nomor Buku Internasional Standar"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISBN</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01137-6&usg=ALkJrhhVnV6Asi7IOCIpz6XpLb-L_Z67Ng" title="Khusus: BookSources/0-674-01137-6"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0-674-01137-6</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">27.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-26"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_41/b3702149.htm&usg=ALkJrhgMYacMwC-wHBEDMMGJnCXXdVQs-Q"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Upah Kebencian</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Michael Shari. Business Week. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">28.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-27"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Teman, T. (2003). <i>nasib Indonesia.</i> Harvard University Press. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&usg=ALkJrhiUYhDFpM9yFBrZnktUSCzoqafdIw" title="Nomor Buku Internasional Standar"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISBN</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01137-6&usg=ALkJrhhVnV6Asi7IOCIpz6XpLb-L_Z67Ng" title="Khusus: BookSources/0-674-01137-6"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0-674-01137-6</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">29.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-28"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kamis, 19 Juli 2009 - 13:16 WIB. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-di-jakarta&usg=ALkJrhgombxPLz-nFkBoQFtzdrDGkdaiSA"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Daftar Serangan Bom di Jakarta"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diperoleh 27 April 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">30.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-29"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6936276.stm&usg=ALkJrhjqFH2p3gp2B1zwwZpR59YzwCMHJg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Jakarta memegang pemilu bersejarah"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . <i>BBC News</i> (BBC). 8 Agustus . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">31.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-30"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakpus/default.asp&usg=ALkJrhg6xwbyyXnwMn3kDTfDCJ_aVJuF1Q"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Jakarta Pusat Profil"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . <i>Kota Administrasi Jakarta.</i> . Diperoleh 19 Desember 2009. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">32.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-31"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakbar/default.asp&usg=ALkJrhimistw_8Fq7gH84K7BDZjK22xmSQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Profil Jakarta Barat"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . <i>Kota Administrasi Jakarta.</i> . Diperoleh 24 Februari 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">33.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-32"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaksel/&usg=ALkJrhhyJraORQgtcTQWlIASZTXSl357vw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Profil Jakarta Selatan"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . <i>Kota Administrasi Jakarta.</i> . Diperoleh 19 Desember 2009. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">34.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^ </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-Jaktim_go_id_33-0"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span></sup></i></b></a></span><b><i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-Jaktim_go_id_33-1"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b</span></sup></i></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaktim/default.asp&usg=ALkJrhhnRBqXAJfMV_SBO5w78sDIqKBBdA"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Jakarta Timur Profil"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . <i>Kota Administrasi Jakarta.</i> . Diperoleh 19 Desember 2009. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">35.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-34"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakut/default.asp&usg=ALkJrhhHguk8yw-IZPKhbThso_lAmIebSg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Profil Jakarta Utara"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . <i>Kota Administrasi Jakarta.</i> . Diperoleh 19 Desember 2009. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">36.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-35"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/kepseribu&usg=ALkJrhjk7MHtUR8BqLB055bMVuKdP2jJtg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"" Seribu Pulau "Profil"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . <i>Kota Administrasi Jakarta.</i> . Diperoleh 19 Desember 2009. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">37.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^ </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-Statistics_36-0"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span></sup></i></b></a></span><b><i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-Statistics_36-1"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b</span></sup></i></b></a></span><b><i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-Statistics_36-2"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c</span></sup></i></b></a></span><b><i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-Statistics_36-3"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d</span></sup></i></b></a></span><b><i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-Statistics_36-4"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e</span></sup></i></b></a></span><b><i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-Statistics_36-5"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f</span></sup></i></b></a></span><b><i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-Statistics_36-6"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g</span></sup></i></b></a></span><b><i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-Statistics_36-7"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h</span></sup></i></b></a></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Jakarta Dalam Angka.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta Office, Jakarta. 2008. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">38.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-37"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 'Wajib Pajak uang untuk kota', <i>The Jakarta Post,</i> 16 Juli 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">39.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-38"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Berdasarkan Keputusan Gubernur pada tahun 2007, No 171. diambil dari Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta Office, <i>Jakarta dalam Angka</i> 2008, BPS, Provinsi DKI Jakarta </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">40.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-39"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://thejakartaglobe.com/waterworries/the-tides-efforts-never-end-to-repel-an-invading-sea/320034&usg=ALkJrhgZxBSFfI01JAanshqNI2bgJwZ8WQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"The Tides: Upaya Jangan Putus untuk Tolaklah sebuah Laut Menyerang"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Jakarta.</i> Diakses 14 Maret 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">41.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-40"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/03/22/key-jakarta039s-floods-basin-flood-management.html&usg=ALkJrhgJGu5Oni--cSLxMSNTj3STOfqAvA"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Kunci untuk banjir Jakarta: Basin manajemen banjir"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>The Jakarta Post..</i> Maret 22 Diakses 14 Maret 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">42.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-41"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.asiaviews.org/%3Fcontent%3D153499ym32dddw4%26headline%3D20070215014241&usg=ALkJrhhce3UO6Kg5zfSI_yGvSrG89feEyw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Berita Asia"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diperoleh 27 April 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">43.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-42"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/VBOL-6YPCN6%3FOpenDocument&usg=ALkJrhiAsq9RevPNv_VSYKoNSEWo6oVtaA"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Banjir di Propinsi DKI Jakarta, diperbarui 19 Februari 2007 Laporan Situasi Darurat Nomor 6"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . ReliefWeb. 19 Februari . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">44.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-43"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Efloods/Archives/1996sum.htm&usg=ALkJrhgfIOc27jmx5oy7-m2_cCx4CxxBrQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1996 "2007 Global Daftar Acara Banjir Mayor"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Dartmouth Observatorium. Banjir.</i> Dartmouth </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">45.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-44"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news%3Fpid%3D20601080%26sid%3DaEZkmZ6LCTrM&usg=ALkJrhiSEJdnN3KtTiPv1KACcXnQ4IM2Mg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Asia"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Bloomberg. 4 Februari . Diperoleh 27 April 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">46.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-45"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/indonesiaweatherfloods%3B_ylt%3DAu4qmNPoAyVq_HQ.qLCeyB3aHXcA&usg=ALkJrhgG22U698QEHc5pf_nIfrkUhI25Iw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tiga tewas, 90.000 dievakuasi dalam banjir Jakarta: pejabat - Yahoo! News</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <sup>[ </sup></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot&usg=ALkJrhioQHte68aWQfsXgRYDY1QxK4f5QQ" title="Wikipedia: membusuk Tautan"><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dead link</span></sup></i></a></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ]</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">47.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-jakartafloods_46-0"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml%3Fxml%3D/news/2007/02/05/windo05.xml&usg=ALkJrhha3nYacWALVEQkFxTEJXTTf233-Q"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ketakutan Penyakit seperti banjir memorak-porandakan Jakarta</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <sup>[ </sup></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot&usg=ALkJrhioQHte68aWQfsXgRYDY1QxK4f5QQ" title="Wikipedia: membusuk Tautan"><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dead link</span></sup></i></a></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ]</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">48.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-47"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://hadip.wordpress.com/2007/02/10/jakarta-flood-feb-2007/&usg=ALkJrhh8bMbzXEqiQJN3JSi1Cl3UB3XJOQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banjir Jakarta Feb 2007 «(Geo) Informasi untuk Semua</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <sup>[ </sup></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot&usg=ALkJrhioQHte68aWQfsXgRYDY1QxK4f5QQ" title="Wikipedia: membusuk Tautan"><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dead link</span></sup></i></a></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ]</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">49.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-48"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Efloods/Archives/2007sum.htm&usg=ALkJrhifzzaR5UO6yEspMW87m8Qccqri3Q"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar 2007 Global Acara Banjir Mayor</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> , Dartmouth Banjir Observatorium, 1 Mei 2008 </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">50.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-49"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/20/jakartans-lament-sorry-state-capital%25E2%2580%2599s-rivers.html&usg=ALkJrhiypqVKQiNu_JpPLsVZM23AWO_LHw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jakarta meratapi keadaan menyedihkan sungai ibukota</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . The Jakarta Post, Jakarta. Mei, 20, 2011 </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">51.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-50"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://waspada.co.id/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D159647:minister-jakarta-east-flood-canal-accomplished-in-2011%26catid%3D30:english-news%26Itemid%3D101&usg=ALkJrhi2T1n6gsX7SdLWMhD9ck9mbDYkfg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menteri: Jakarta Timur Banjir Kanal dicapai pada tahun 2011</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Waspada.co.id (30 November 2010). Diakses pada 12 Juni 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">52.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-51"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.wartakota.co.id/detil/berita/46708/Kali-Ciliwung-Disodet&usg=ALkJrhiuYD8Oo4OW3rIaKm9efQ34oGFVhw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:: Wartakotalive.com | Berita: Kali Ciliwung Disodet</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Wartakota.co.id (14 April 2010). Diakses pada 12 Juni 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">53.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-52"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/27/dutch-study-new-dike-jakarta-bay.html&usg=ALkJrhiO_sFu_yfboArwkokw0x5924jURA"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/27/dutch-study-new-dike-jakarta-bay.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">54.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-53"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://worldweather.wmo.int/043/c00310.htm&usg=ALkJrhiwvCQ42Kf4vgT6FvBkqlna00iIuA"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Dunia Informasi Cuaca Layanan - Jakarta"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Juni . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">55.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-54"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Para Betawi - karena asal-usul mereka yang beragam - memainkan peran utama mengenai identitas etnis dan nasional di Jakarta kontemporer, lihat Knorr, Jacqueline: <i>Kreolität und Gesellschaft postkoloniale.</i> <i>Integrasi und Differenzierung di Jakarta,</i> Kampus Verlag: Frankfurt aM & New York, 2007, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783593383446&usg=ALkJrhhUwvd4sSxtnA3lU-Ww7QDO6S3xdA"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISBN 978-3-593-38344-6</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">56.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-55"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Knorr, Jacqueline (2007). <i>Kreolität und Gesellschaft postkoloniale.</i> <i>Integrasi und Differenzierung di Jakarta.</i> Frankfurt:. Kampus Verlag </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number&usg=ALkJrhiUYhDFpM9yFBrZnktUSCzoqafdIw" title="Nomor Buku Internasional Standar"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISBN</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-593-38344-6&usg=ALkJrhhppUpV1QXzgCsZ5YkWLLSCuBwEuA" title="Khusus: BookSources/978-3-593-38344-6"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">978-3-593-38344-6</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">57.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-BBC_56-0"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Johnston, Tim (3 Maret 2005). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4312805.stm&usg=ALkJrhjFiJWaENK8hSNTYRv8Jmq1WuTHtw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Cina diaspora: Indonesia"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . <i>BBC News</i> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">58.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-57"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Dengan Sebuah Yahoo! Kontributor, 17 Mei 2009 </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-2881278-haveli_indian_cuisine_bar_jakarta-i&usg=ALkJrhina-FFf3aBJat_-M8D4MukWkhpAQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Haveli Indian Cuisine & Bar, Jakarta, Indonesia - Yahoo! Travel"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diperoleh 27 April 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">59.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-58"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6989211.stm&usg=ALkJrhhREDvyf_7fB7V7KIlSof-GMFzkUg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6989211.stm</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ; "Komunitas Dihukum: Pengusiran Paksa di Jakarta" </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch&usg=ALkJrhiR-PZo9wZ-6FpX81foWQtjhH5S8g" title="Human Rights Watch"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Human Rights Watch</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sep 2006. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">60.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">61.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-autogenerated2006_60-0"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/pdfs/report/HDR06-complete.pdf&usg=ALkJrhjg8aXAxbmh1m8pIyolmBwkYgF9EQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Laporan Pembangunan Manusia 2006"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Diperoleh 27 April 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">62.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-61"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/28/after-census-city-plans-95-million.html&usg=ALkJrhhhHd5p_bc8A2ulZPN3xcyo-rOtaA"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Setelah sensus kota rencana untuk 9,5 juta"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Jakarta Pos </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">63.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-62"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org/mod2/se3/005_5.html&usg=ALkJrhh0dWznttRIXFvqSzIZNuJC163Mgw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BRT - STUDI KASUS 5 - Lampiran Studi Kasus 5 dan Pelajaran - Modul 2: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): Toolkit untuk Studi Kelayakan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org. Diakses pada 12 Juni 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">64.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^ </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-Census_2010_63-0"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span></sup></i></b></a></span><b><i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-Census_2010_63-1"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b</span></sup></i></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.bps.go.id/aboutus.php%3FhasilSP2010%3D1&usg=ALkJrhh40FlOTAsKiQZ8g8RfnRbbFtq7IA"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Publikasi Provinsi murah Kabupaten Hasil Sementara SP2010"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diakses 14 Maret 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">65.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-64"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.tempointeractive.com/hg/nasional/2011/01/17/brk,20110117-306809,uk.html&usg=ALkJrhg0L3s9hFyGVGwuI3KM7DfLJKBcCw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Tempo Interaktif: Presiden Jabodetabek Rencana Dikritik"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Tempointeractive.com. 17 Januari . Diakses 14 Maret 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">66.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-65"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/indonesia/jakarta/jakarta-overview/jakarta-tourist-information-center.html&usg=ALkJrhjh1wda5GLNToxVW1ATO3h5aUlU6A"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Asia Rooms"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Asia Diakses 14 Maret 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">67.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-66"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://jakarta-tourism.go.id/wisatadkiapp/content/en/7/welcome-to-jakarta&usg=ALkJrhi9KDSrEUZ6Sd8gfw5-Fu_6dP0VOw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Selamat Datang ke Jakarta"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diakses 14 Maret 2011. <sup>[ </sup></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot&usg=ALkJrhioQHte68aWQfsXgRYDY1QxK4f5QQ" title="Wikipedia: membusuk Tautan"><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mati Link</span></sup></i></a></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ]</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">68.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-67"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/14/jakarta-suspends-permits-new-malls.html&usg=ALkJrhheqinVGowit1pwR9IdkleGKp0c_w"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/14/jakarta-suspends-permits-new-malls.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">69.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-68"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.expat.or.id/info/jakartamallsshoppingcenters.html&usg=ALkJrhjcKPSSvN8ExwfYaaoaavIGRALvUw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Jakarta Mall dan Pusat Perbelanjaan - perbelanjaan mewah di Jakarta, Indonesia"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diperoleh 27 April 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">70.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-69"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/taman-kota/523-taman-lapangan-banteng&usg=ALkJrhjPmpNYXZyueAvJBMdaUpZ87Rr-rg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Taman Lapangan Banteng (Bahasa Indonesia)"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . <i>deskominfomas.</i> . <sup>[ </sup></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot&usg=ALkJrhioQHte68aWQfsXgRYDY1QxK4f5QQ" title="Wikipedia: membusuk Tautan"><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mati Link</span></sup></i></a></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ]</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">71.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-70"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/taman-kota/529-taman-suropati&usg=ALkJrhjItiYDNz7gaVA9DIbfoykXurOcnw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Taman Suropati (Bahasa Indonesia)"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . <i>deskominfomas.</i> . <sup>[ </sup></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot&usg=ALkJrhioQHte68aWQfsXgRYDY1QxK4f5QQ" title="Wikipedia: membusuk Tautan"><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mati Link</span></sup></i></a></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ]</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">72.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-71"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/taman-kota/521-taman-medan-merdeka&usg=ALkJrhgqoI9zCWTxGTMbveePgxtdt2Eubw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Taman Medan Merdeka (Bahasa Indonesia)"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . <i>Dartmouth deskominfomas.</i> . <sup>[ </sup></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot&usg=ALkJrhioQHte68aWQfsXgRYDY1QxK4f5QQ" title="Wikipedia: membusuk Tautan"><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mati Link</span></sup></i></a></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ]</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">73.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-72"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2011/06/25/ruang-terbuka-hijau-terus-ditambah&usg=ALkJrhjDBoFhMIUiddTg7yCQJgjpvz_Cbw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2011/06/25/ruang-terbuka-hijau-terus-ditambah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">74.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^ </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-bbc_20070606_73-0"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span></sup></i></b></a></span><b><i><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-bbc_20070606_73-1"><b><i><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b</span></sup></i></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Williamson, Lucy (6 Juni 2007). </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6725843.stm&usg=ALkJrhgdZB2Kn4JKI9EWzBGWPehPdpC-fg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"dimulai di Jakarta sungai pelayanan perahu"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . <i>BBC</i> . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">75.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-74"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.easts.info/on-line/proceedings_05/2391.pdf&usg=ALkJrhiOKIjt9aqVapJVZFPxWj2qCKSMhw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Transportasi Isu dan Kondisi Masa Depan di Tokyo, Jakarta, Manila dan Hiroshima"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Diakses 11 Mei 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">76.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-jica_75-0"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> [Tabel 1.3.2 Laporan Teknis dari Studi Master Plan Transportasi Terpadu Jabodetabek (SITRAMP), yang dilakukan oleh Pacific Consultants International dan ALMEC Corporation pada nama Badan Perencanaan Nasional Pembangunan Indonesia (BAPPENAS) dan Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA ), 2004], </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">77.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-SITRAMP_76-0"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Laporan Teknis Tabel 1.3.2 dari Studi Master Plan Transportasi Terpadu Jabodetabek (SITRAMP), yang dilakukan oleh Pacific Consultants International dan ALMEC Corporation pada nama Badan Perencanaan Nasional Pembangunan Indonesia (BAPPENAS) dan Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) , 2004. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">78.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-77"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.indopos.co.id/index.php/catatan-don-kardono/12916-tak-perlu-pamer-susu.html&usg=ALkJrhgYom0IDRT9aE2yjZfa0CiOnAzfFQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.indopos.co.id/index.php/catatan-don-kardono/12916-tak-perlu-pamer-susu.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">79.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-azuma2003_78-0"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Azuma, Yoshifumi (2003) <i>Perkotaan petani:. beca driver di Jakarta.</i> Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">80.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-lo2010_79-0"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://usj.sagepub.com/&usg=ALkJrhjXVxMM-f-1KzhuRgdW6XcUvZDvsg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Lo, Ria Hutabarat (2010)." Kota sebagai Cermin: Transportasi, Penggunaan Lahan dan Perubahan Sosial di Jakarta "Studi Perkotaan''''47 (3): 529-555"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diakses 14 Maret 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">81.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-80"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/09/02/10-districts-prepared-electronic-road-pricing-policy-trial-run-jakarta.html&usg=ALkJrhj06Zy2CHmO0KbcIp69OFpectK9iA"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"10 kabupaten siap untuk uji coba kebijakan road pricing elektronik dijalankan di Jakarta"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . 2 September </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">82.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-81"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://properti.kompas.com/read/2010/10/18/20303885/Proyek.Monorel.Jakarta.Masih.Terkatung.katung&usg=ALkJrhj8yhvgbVcjmb5jsfDnDNM7l3PmvA"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Kompas.com: Proyek Monorail Jakarta masih belum pasti"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Diakses 14 Maret 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">83.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-82"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/02/city-launches-two-busway-routes.html&usg=ALkJrhhpM_u5VVPvJ90j1sVw_nvL7vH4yQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Kota meluncurkan dua rute busway"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>The Jakarta</i> . Diakses 14 Maret 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">84.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-83"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.beritajakarta.com/2008/en/newsview.aspx%3Fidwil%3D0%26id%3D19300&usg=ALkJrhiQXrdM316AzBjZO7Qu2AUt2jSGJg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Rail berbasis Transportasi, Komponen Utama Kota Metropolitan"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . Berita Jakarta = 16 Juni . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">85.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-waterway2_84-0"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.bangkokpost.net/breaking_news/breakingnews.php%3Fid%3D119260&usg=ALkJrhjNYQX3rEhgC6lJQvLVzFyyw6j1jw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Jakarta mendapat taksi pertama Klong nya"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . <i>Bangkok Post.</i> Publishing Co Umum . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">86.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-85"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.priokport.co.id/index.php%3Flang%3Deng%26mod%3Dfasilitas%26smod%3Dpokok&usg=ALkJrhhkQuOSTKz6w6BRbhczpzifn_-Z5Q"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelabuhan Jakarta fasilitas</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">87.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-86"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.ui.ac.id/en/profile/page/overview&usg=ALkJrhgKBZqzL5wVGGcUfQKDm6Ox-iR88Q"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Profil | Universitas Indonesia"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diperoleh 27 April 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">88.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-87"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.majalah-farmacia.com/rubrik/one_news_print.asp%3FIDNews%3D754&usg=ALkJrhiGMJDvnLa-CGpBH4UHhYh6A0GB8w"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Cetak Artikel"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diperoleh 27 April 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">89.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-88"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.jimsch.org/&usg=ALkJrhjs7AeN_C5kGGHZrmHAV4cDe0SmWg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Jakarta International School Multikultural"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diakses 14 Maret 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">90.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-89"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.ais-indonesia.com/&usg=ALkJrhivbTT_jfENdVdbEkBV95c1vOP3DQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Selamat Datang di Australian International School Indonesia"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diakses 14 Maret 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">91.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-90"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.nzis.net/&usg=ALkJrhhWL17u_038TNGp_a9XFZb2rgFJ3Q"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Selamat datang di Selandia Baru International School"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diakses 14 Maret 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">92.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-91"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.sph.edu/sph_edu/menu/index.php&usg=ALkJrhhtxsvVs9N1QLCp0HHoRUgyvBi_nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Sekolah Pelita Harapan"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diakses 14 Maret 2011. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">93.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-92"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx%3FGPCode%3D8&usg=ALkJrhj6nS-3MhyyrKDAhj7DNPy6FlKelQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Dewan Olimpiade Asia: Game"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diperoleh 27 April 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">94.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-93"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.the-afc.com/en/previous-competitions/afc-asian-cup-2007/afc-asian-cup-2007-hosts&usg=ALkJrhhDbmtSn7wZtfyzrMlxhzitqrXvrQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Piala Asia negara Hosti 2007"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . 11 September . </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">95.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-94"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.fussballtempel.net/afc/IDN.html&usg=ALkJrhiIu1O-g3s3oxV0Ws9Yc-kZGxZrzw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"stadion Sepakbola dunia - Stadion di Indonesia"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . . Diperoleh 27 April 2010. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">96.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta&usg=ALkJrhhHnOjIMk8RIbzqprOPevqTIQCTCw#cite_ref-95"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">^</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/06/25/carfree-day-reduces-air-pollution-tests.html&usg=ALkJrhjSJg3Mh5cS4fLFlTbB14Vmle3UAQ"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Car-Free Day mengurangi polusi udara: Tes"</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . 25 Juni .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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<div style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">Ilmu pengetahuan alam atau sains (science) diambil dari kata latin <em>Scientia</em> yang arti harfiahnya adalah pengetahuan, tetapi kemudian berkembang menjadi khusus Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam atau Sains. Sund dan Trowbribge merumuskan bahwa Sains merupakan kumpulan pengetahuan dan proses.</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">Sedangkan Kuslan Stone menyebutkan bahwa Sains adalah kumpulan pengetahuan dan cara-cara untuk mendapatkan dan mempergunakan pengetahuan itu. Sains merupakan produk dan proses yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. “Real Science is both product and process, inseparably Joint” (Agus. S. 2003: 11)</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">Sains sebagai proses merupakan langkah-langkah yang ditempuh para ilmuwan untuk melakukan penyelidikan dalam rangka mencari penjelasan tentang gejala-gejala alam. Langkah tersebut adalah merumuskan masalah, merumuskan hipotesis, merancang eksperimen, mengumpulkan data, menganalisis dan akhimya menyimpulkan. Dari sini tampak bahwa karakteristik yang mendasar dari Sains ialah kuantifikasi artinya gejala alam dapat berbentuk kuantitas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.membuatblog.web.id/2010/09/arti-pengetahuan-menurut-para-ahli.html" title="Arti pengetahuan menurut para ahli"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Arti pengetahuan menurut para ahli</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">September 1, 2010 | In: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.membuatblog.web.id/category/ilmu" title="View all posts in ilmu"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ilmu</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins><a href="http://www.membuatblog.web.id/2010/09/arti-pengetahuan-menurut-para-ahli.html" title="Arti pengetahuan menurut para ahli">Arti pengetahuan menurut para ahli</a></ins></span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins> – Dengan adanya zaman yang semakin berubah dan ilmu pengetahuan juga berkembang maka sudah saatnya kita coba menggali kedalam diri kita sendiri lalu berani untuk bertanya apa yang sudah kita berikan pada kehidupan ini dari ilmu pengetahuan yang sudah dipelajari. Apakah benar kita sudah belajar? Ataukah kita sebenarnya dibelajarkan? Proses perjalanan waktu dan usia pada diri manusia akan dapat menjawab pertanyaan tersebut. Tanpa kita sadari apapun yang kita peroleh dari kehidupan ini adalah pengalaman yang berarti jika disadari sepenuhnya. Tetapi kadang kita lupa bahwa apa yang kita peroleh itu kita anggap sebagai usaha sendiri, dalam arti tidak ada campur tangan sesuatu yang lain dari diri ini. Maka manusia dengan ketidaktahuannya atau dengan kesombongannya tidak menelusuri asal usul dan arti ilmu pengetahuan itu sendiri. Akibat dari semua ini kita menjadi korban ketidaktahuan dan kesombongan diri sendiri.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Dalam bahasa Jawa terdapat kata Kawruh dan Ngelmu. Kawruh dalam hal ini dapat diartikan sebagai ilmunya pengetahuan, sedangkan Ngelmu adalah pengetahuannya ilmu. Kedua hal ini saling berkaitan satu sama lain, yang berbeda adalah ciri dan caranya. Tetapi mari kita mencoba bersama menggali ciri dan cara dari proses “adanya” sehingga “menjadi” yang dinamakan Ilmu pengetahuan tadi. Dengan pemikiran yang jernih tanpa adanya penolakan ataupun penerimaan yang dapat menimbulkan selisih pendapat atau persamaan pendapat, kita terlebih dulu menyatukan pikiran dan sikap yang sama bahwa kita saat ini sedang “dibelajarkan“. Dengan kerendahan hati kita siap menerima untuk dibelajarkan yang asalnya adalah dari diri kita sendiri. Jika ada penolakan berarti menolak diri kita sendiri. Jika ada penerimaan maka kita menerima diri kita sendiri. Segala sesuatu biarlah terjadi apa adanya. Wallahualam.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Dalam beberapa tahun belakangan ini kita melihat adanya perubahan yang mendasar dari evolusi kesadaran manusia yaitu mencari indentitas dirinya. Maka dimana-mana muncul berbagai macam cara untuk memperoleh apa yang dinamakan ilmu pengetahuan tentang jati diri dan cara memperolehnya. Orang yang membawa ilmu pengetahuan inipun berbeda dalam ciri dan caranya sehingga muncul juga penafsiran yang berbeda tergantung sejauh mana pengertian yang ia diperoleh. Ilmu pengetahuan adalah pengumpulan pengertian tentang suatu hal yang kita dapat karena “tahu”.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Tahu berarti :</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- menyerap perangsang indera</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- berkesan, dan</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- mengerti kesan itu.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Proses dari menerima perangsang indera bisa kita alami melalui :</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- Melihat – indera penglihat.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- Mendengar – indera pendengar.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- Mencium – indera pencium.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- Meraba – indera perasa dan.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- Merasa – indera pengecap.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Jadi untuk mengerti adalah suatu peristiwa pikiran, tetapi dasar dari timbulnya pengertian bisa merupakan :</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>A. Daya kodrat manusia yaitu :</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>* mengerti karena memikir<br />
* mengerti karena merasa</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>B. Daya kegaiban Gusti, yaitu :</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>* mengerti karena terbuka hati.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Indera adalah penerima perangsang, sedangkan pernyataan adalah karya pikiran dan kehendak. Semua pengumpulan pengertian tentang setiap hal yang ada di dunia ini dan pengertian tersebut merupakan hasil dari tahu , maka itu dinamakan ilmu pengetahuan. Ilmu pengetahuan dibagi menjadi 2 macam :</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- Ilmu pengetahuan exacta (nyata)</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- Ilmu pengetahuan abstrak (tanpa wujud)</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Kedua ilmu pengetahuan ini berasal dari penerapan indera. Semua ilmu pengetahuan baik exacta atau yang abstrak ada jalan untuk mempelajarinya yaitu:</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- langsung atau tidak dibutuhkan guru,</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- banyak atau sedikit dipergunakan buku,</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- dasar pelajaran diletakkan pada kecerdasan otak.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Hasil pelajaran dari ilmu pengetahuan exacta atau nyata yaitu pengertian nyata, sedangkan hasil pelajaran dari ilmu pengetahuan abstrak yaitu pengertian rohani. Pengertian nyata tentang hukum-hukum alam dapat menuntun kita menyingkap rahasia alam misalkan tentang bulan, bintang, matahari, planet, atau air, tumbuhan, dll. Tetapi pengertian rohani tidak mampu menuntun kita untuk mengungkap rahasia rohani atau rahasia ketuhanan. Pengertian rohani sifatnya adalah mati sedangkan rahasia ketuhanan adalah rahasia yang sifatnya hidup atau disebut juga “Daya Hidup”. Mengapa kita katakan bahwa pengertian rohani bersifat mati, artinya ilmu pengetahuan abstrak sebatas pengertian rohani dalam diri kita itu tidak bisa tumbuh dan tidak bisa bertambah dengan sendirinya, selain dari diri kita yang berusaha untuk menambahnya dengan :</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- banyak membaca</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- menambah pelajaran</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- mengadakan diskusi dan lain sebagainya.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Semua hasil dari penambahan pengertian rohani berasal dari pemikiran dan semua karya pikiran ialah ilmu pengetahuan yang sifatnya mati, karena itu untuk mempelajari ilmu pengetahuan dibutuhkan guru dan buku. Mempelajari daya hidup dengan ilmu pengetahuan abstrak berarti kita mempergunakan pengertian yang mati untuk mempelajari daya yang hidup. Dalam mempelajari ilmu pengetahuan yang nyata, kita juga mempergunakan pengertian yang mati tetapi untuk hal yang sifatnya juga mati, dan merupakan fakta nyata yang bisa diserap, dipikir, dan dikongklusi. Dengan cara berpikir demikian dapat membawa kita maju dalam ilmu pengetahuan yang dipelajari. Dalam mempergunakan pengertian mati untuk mempelajari daya hidup yang tanpa wujud kita tidak menemukan fakta nyata lahiriyah guna bahan pencerapan, perbandingan dan pemikiran. Tiap kongklusi yang diambil dengan kecerdasan otak tentu hanya dikira-kira, dan tidak berdasarkan fakta nyata. Maka sebab itulah pengertian rohani terhadap daya hidup sifatnya adalah mati. Dengan kecerdasan otak saja, kita tidak bisa mempelajari daya hidup apalagi tanpa guru atau tanpa buku. Jika kita melihat ilmu ketuhanan sebagai ilmu pengetahuan berpijak dari percaya akan adanya Tuhan. Seandainya kepercayaan akan adanya Tuhan itu tidak ada, maka ilmu pengetahuan dengan sendirinya tidak ada juga. Maka untuk mempelajari ilmu pengetahuan tentang ketuhanan kita tidak diharuskan untuk percaya bahwa Tuhan itu ada. Misalkan seorang atheis juga bisa mempelajari ilmu pengetahuan ketuhanan karena ilmu pengetahuan seperti yang telah kita bahas sebelumnya berproses dari panca indera sampai pada otak hingga timbul pengertian-pengertian hasil dari ilmu pengetahuan yang kita pelajari.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Demikian sedikit ringkasan dari apa yang kita sebut “Ilmu Pengetahuan“ agar kita juga mengerti dan merobah sejenak pola pikir tentang arti dari ilmu pengetahuan itu sendiri. Inilah yang disebut dalam bahasa jawa, Kawruh yaitu “Tuman duking weruh” atau penerapan indera dan kecerdasan otak. Setelah kita mengerti tentang Ilmu pengetahuan atau kawruh itu tadi maka kita akan beranjak pada proses yang selanjutnya yang dinamakan Ngelmu atau bisa diartikan Pengetahuannya Ilmu agar mudah diserap oleh panca indera kita. Marilah kita persiapkan diri kita untuk “dibelajarkan” tentang proses dari apa yang disebut Ngelmu itu. Pengetahuannya ilmu disini adalah mengenai apa yang disebut “Daya hidup”. Ngelmu dalam arti suatu cara untuk mendalami ilmu pengetahuan tentang daya hidup. Dari daya hidup inilah adanya tuntunan dan pengertian dimana daya hidup itu sendiri ingin dimengerti dan tetap dibiarkan hidup. Daya hidup yang ingin dimengerti itulah yang akan jadi guru dan buku yang dapat terjamin keabsahannya. Kalau daya yang kita hidupi itu memang bersumber dari daya hidup, sudah selayaknya kalau dapat menghidupi kita dengan pengertian-pengertian tentang kehidupan.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Seperti awalnya mari kita samakan pikiran dan sikap kita untuk “dibelajarkan” tentang cara mendalami ilmu pengetahuan dari daya hidup. Dalam bahasa jawa adalah ngelmu atau bahasa Indonesia umumnya ada istilah menuntut ilmu. Begitu banyak hal yang kita dengar tentang orang yang menuntut ilmu ini dan itu yang pada akhirnya bagaimana manusia itu sendiri berpijak pada apa yang menjadi pilihan dan keyakinannya dan tanggung jawab apa yang telah dia lakukan setelah dia mendapatkan hasil dari ngelmu itu. Apakah manusia itu sendiri menyadari daya hidup yang dipakainya menghasilkan suatu daya kerja yang bermanfaat untuk dirinya? Atau hanya sekedar ikut-ikutan tanpa mengerti terlebih dahulu? kembali lagi pada diri manusianya.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Untuk lebih jelasnya ngelmu adalah cara untuk mendalami pengetahuan tentang daya hidup. Karena daya hidup akan bekerja sesuai dengan fungsinya yang disebut daya kerja yang dihidupkan oleh manusia sendiri. Sumber asalnya dari daya hidup di dalam diri manusia. Ngelmu dibedakan dalam 3 macam menurut daya kerja yang dipakai, yaitu :</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- Mengikuti daya kerja : Setan atau roh.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Tujuan : Kepuasan hidup semata.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Umpama : Tenung, Santet, prewangan dll.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- Mengikuti daya kerja : Sukma manusia</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Tujuan : Keutamaan hidup.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Umpama : Pencak silat, Sedulur papat lima pancer dll.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- Mengikuti daya kerja : Daya asal.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Tujuan : Kesempurnaan jiwa.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Umpama : – Ilmu kesukmaan</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>: – Ilmu kamoksaan.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Maka disini kita akan ikuti adalah daya kerja yang bersumber dari daya asal serta tujuannya adalah kesempurnaan jiwa. Seperti seorang anak yang ingin mengerti ilmu pasti, tidak bisa seketika belajar aljabar atau ilmu ukur, tetapi harus mulai dengan sendi hitungan. Demikian pula pandangan rohani kita dalam hidup berngelmu. Pengertian rohani mengada dalam diri kita karena terbukanya hati tehadap kekekalan. Pengertian ini kita terima bertahap sesuai dengan hidup berngelmu yang kita tekadkan. Tidak ada insan yang mampu menerima pengertian tentang kekekalan dengan sekaligus. Karena kemampuan berpikir dan kemampuan merasa manusia itu ada batasnya.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Manusia itu pada dasarnya tidak bisa memikirkan tentang sesuatu yang di dunia ini tidak ada. Maka dengan sendirinya hidup berngelmu tidak akan mempunyai pengertian tentang soal rohani kalau belum di beri karunia pengertian, karena dalam hidup berngelmu tidak dikenal guru dan buku. Selama kita masih menghayati hidup berngelmu maka kita berarti masih ada dalam sendi hitungan rohani. Umpama sebatang pohon tidak akan langsung menjadi besar dan menghasilkan buah, karena segala sesuatu minta waktu untuk pertumbuhannya. Begitu juga dengan manusia yang minta waktu sesuai dengan kedewasaan pikirnya. Dengan cara belajar yang demikian itu, maka sebagian besar dari pengertian rohani yang kita dapatkan tidak berasal dari pemikiran kita tapi dari daya hidup itu sendiri. Karenanya pengertian yang diperoleh dari hidup berngelmu datang dengan sendirinya tanpa adanya usaha pemikiran tidak dinamakan pengertian rohani tapi terang rohani.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Terang rohani berasal dari daya hidup, bukan dari pikiran manusia. Terang rohani ialah pengertian hidup, pengertian yang mampu membimbing semua peminatnya. Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa dari ilmu pengetahuan didapat pengertian rohani yang sifatnya mati sedangkan dari ngelmu didapat terang rohani yang sifatnya hidup. Karena terang rohani itu hidup, artinya dengan sendirinya akan tumbuh sesuai dengan tekad hidup kita. Untuk mempelajari daya hidup dengan berngelmu kita tidak perlu banyak membaca, mencari pelajaran atau mengadakan diskusi dll, karena daya hidup yang kita ikuti daya kerjaNya ialah tuntunan kita, pelajaran kita, nasehat kita dll. Didalam hidup berngelmu daya hidup yang diikuti daya kerjaNya tidak dimatikan, supaya senantiasa menjadi pengganti guru dan buku yang selama ini kita pelajari, contohnya buku filsafat atau buku tentang pengalaman rohani orang lain. Ngelmu kesempurnaan berpijak dari kenyataan adanya daya gaib didalam kehidupan yang gumelar, tanpa adanya daya gaib ini, maka ngelmu kasempurnaan tidak akan ada. Seorang yang atheis bisa mempelajari ilmu ketuhanan melalui pengetahuan atau kawruh tapi dia tidak bisa mempelajari dengan ngelmu, karena kita akan mengikuti daya kerjaNya. Ngelmu bukan merupakan soal yang dapat dicapai dengan kecerdasan otak, tetapi dengan penyerahan diri total.</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Dasar dari ilmu pengetahuan atau kawruh dan ngelmu adalah sama yaitu :</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- kebutuhan manusiawi</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- keinginan untuk tahu</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Sedangkan perbedaannya adalah :</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- demi pengetahuan</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>- demi perlunya</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Tetapi dengan berngelmu kita cuma bisa bertujuan demi perlunya. Ilmu filsafat tidak sama dengan ngelmu. Filsafat adalah pikiran yang mendalam tentang jiwa. Ilmu jiwa dan filsafat merup akan pengeterapan indera digolongkan dalam kawruh</ins></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demikian yang bisa saya simpulkan, semoga paper ini bermanfaat bagimasyarakat pada umumnya dan mahasiswa pada umumnya. Apabila makalah initerdapat kekurangan maupun kesalahan dalam penulisan/pembahasan saya mengucapkan mohon maaf.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Refrensi:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/">http://id.wikipedia.org/</a></span></div>fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-72058309358465795332011-11-13T22:46:00.000-08:002011-11-13T22:46:01.226-08:00Dampak globalisasi dan teknologi bagi kebudayaan<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB I</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b>PENDAHULUAN</b><br />
<br />
A. <b>Latar Belakang</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Globalisasi merupakan perkembangan kontemporer yangmempunyai pengaruh dalam mendorong munculnya berbagai kemungkinan tentang perubahan dunia yang akan berlangsung. Pengaruh globalisasi dapat menghilangkan berbagai halangan di rintangan menjadikan dunia semakin terbuka dan saling bergantung satu sama lain.<br />
<br />
B. Rumusan Masalah<br />
1. Apakah dampak globalisasi dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara?<br />
2. Bagaimana pengaruh globalisasi terhadap kehidupan bernegara dan berbangsa?<br />
<br />
C. Tujuan<br />
Menjelaskan tentang proses globalisasi, aspek dan dampak globalisasi dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara.<br />
<br />
BAB II<br />
GLOBALISASI<br />
<br />
A. Proses, Aspek, dan Dampak Globalisasi dalam Kehidupan Berbangsa dan Bernegara<br />
<br />
1. <b>Proses Globalisasi</b><br />
<br />
Globalisasi merupakan perkembangan kontemporer yang mempunyai pengaruh dalam mendorong munculnya berbagai kemungkinan tentang perubahan dunia yang akan berlangsung. Pengaruh globalisasi dapat menghilangkan berbagai halangan dan rintangan yang menjadikan dunia semakin terbuka dan saling bergantung satu sama lain. Globalisasi akan membawa perspektif baru tentang konsep “Dunia Tanpa Tapal Batas” yang saat ini diterima sebagai realitas masa depan yang akan mempengaruhi perkembangan budaya dan membayar perubahan baru.<br />
<br />
Menurut Selo Soemardjan, “Globalisasi adalah terbentuknya sistem organisasi dan komunikasi antar amasyarkaat diseluruh dunia untuk mengikuti sistem dan kaidah-kaidah yang sama”.<br />
<br />
Proses globalisasi lahir dari adanya perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi transportasi dan komunikasi.<br />
Globalisasi akan memberikan corak budaya baru, dan memberi dampak yang luas terhadap kebebasan budaya setempat dan mengukuhkan domisi budaya barat dalma budaya masyarakat di negara-negara berkembang melalui penajjahanbaru, yaitu kebudayaan.<br />
<br />
Bagaimanapun itu harus kita cegah karena kebudayaan bangsa merupakan hasil peninggalan nenek moyang bangsa kita yang harus kita jaga dan kita lestarikan.<br />
<br />
Salah satu penyebab terjadinya era globalisasi adalah kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi terutama teknologi komunikasi, seperti teknologi media cetak dan media elektronik.<br />
<br />
Ada 3 institusi yang memainkan peranan penting dalam globalisasi, yakni Dana, Moneter Internasional (IMF), Bank Dunia, dan Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO). Pada dasarnya ke 3 institusi besar ini mempunyai tugas menstabilkan ekonomi dunia. Lembaga PBB adalah lembaga publik. Ini penting untuk anda ingat karena uang yang disediakan IMF berasal dari pajak masyarakat di seluruh dunia.<br />
<br />
2. <b>Aspek-Aspek Positif dan Negatif dari Globalisasi</b><br />
<br />
Berkembangnya atus globalisasi jelas memberikan dampak pada kebudayaan manusia. Banyak yang terlihat jelas dalam perubahan dan pegeseran pola hidup masyarakat, yaitu:<br />
a. Agraris tradisional menjadi masyarakat industri modern;<br />
b. Kehidupan berasaskan kebersamaan menjadi kehidupan individualis;<br />
c. Kehidupan lamban menjadi kehidupan serba cepat;<br />
d. Kehidupan berasaskan nilai sosial menjadi konsumeris menjadi materialis;<br />
e. Kehidupan yang bergantung apda alam menjadi kehidupan yang menguasai alam<br />
<br />
Dari contoh tersebut, terdapat beberapa macam pengaruh terhadap kehidupan masyarakat, dibagi menjadi 2 aspek, yaitu aspek positif dan aspek negatif.<br />
<br />
a. <i>Aspek Positif</i><br />
Beberapa aspek positif dari perkembangan teknologi dan arus globalisasi”<br />
1) Pola Hidup yang serba cepat<br />
Teknologi memberikan manfaat waktu bagi masyarakat, misalnya dalam bidang pertanian, petani yang awalnya memanen padinya 6 bulan sekali sekarang sudah dapat memanenkan 3 bulan sekali, kemudian dalam bidang makanan bnayk produk makanan siap saji (serba instant).<br />
2) Pesatnya Perkembangan Informasi dan Transformasi<br />
Manfaat yang dapat diperoleh masyarakat dengan adanya perkembangan informasi sangat banyak, misalnya dengan adanya internet anda dapat mencari ilmu pengetahuan secara grats dan berlimpah. <br />
Selain itu, perkembangan teknologi transformasi yang semakin cepat dan akurat, misalnya dengan adanya pesawat terbang kita dapat lebih cepat<br />
3) Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Alam yang Melimpah<br />
Dengan adanya pemanfaatan sumber daya alam akan memberikan peluang pekerjaan bagi masyarakat, misalnya pemanfaatan sumber daya emas oleh PT Freport di Papua akan memberiakan peluang pekerja bagi masyarakat Papua itu sendiri.<br />
<br />
b. <i>Aspek Negatif</i><br />
Perkembangan teknologi juga emberikan dampak negatif bagi kebudayaan masyarakat, dampak tersebut sebagai berikut:<br />
1) Beralihnya Masyarakat Agraris Menjadi Masyarakat Industri Modern<br />
Banyak industri modern berdampak pada kebutuhan tenga kerja yang sangatr banyak sehingga masyarakat yang awalnya bekerja sebagai petani beralih pekerjaan menjadi buruh pabrik.<br />
2) Perubahan dari kehidupan Berasaskan Kebersamaan Menjadi Kehidupan Individualis.<br />
Hal ini terjadi karena kesibukan masyarakat yang sudah bersifat materialistis dan melupakan kehidupan sosialnya.<br />
3) Masuknya Pola Hidup budaya barat<br />
Dampak Negatifnya seperti masuknya budaya barat yang bertolak belakang dengan budaya timur yang sederhana, sopan, dan santun.<br />
Fenomena anak melawan kepada orang tua, murid yang mengancam guru, perkelahian antara pelajar, model pakaian yang tidak sesuai, dan pemakaian perhiasan wanita oleh laki-laki merupakan perilaku menyimpang sebagai dampak negatif dari era globalisasi dan arus informasi yang tidak terbendung. Pendapat Selo Sumardjan bahwa perubahan budaya yang cepat dan saling menyusul mengakibatkan suasana yang berkepanjangan. Suasana anomi ialah suasana ketika masyarakat yang sedang mengalami perubahan budaya yang tidak mgnetahui secara jelas nilai-nilai budaya mana yang perlu diambil dan mana yang ahrus dikembangkan.<br />
<br />
B.<b>Pengaruh Globalisasi Terhadap Kehidupan Berbangsa Dan Bernegara</b><br />
<br />
Globalisasi merupakan yang kenyataan sulit untuk dihindarkan sebgai akibat semakin membaiknya jaringan transfortasi dan komunikasi di dunia. Globalisasi tidak hanya terjadi dalam bentuk kebudyaana yang bersifat material, tetapi juga bersifat politik, ekonomi, perdagangan, pertahanan, kesenian, dan bahasa. Hukum atau norma yang mengaturpun menjadi hukum Internasional.<br />
<br />
Respon abngsa Indoensia terhadap globalisasi adalah sebgai peluang dan tantangan. Peluang berarti setiap orang mempunyai kesempatan yang sama untuk memanfaatkan situasi ini dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya dengan baik, sedangkan tantangan berarti setiap orang diberi kesempatan untuk berkompetisi dan menunjukkan kemampuannya. Peluang dan tanganan yang dapat kita peroleh dari globalisasi adalah sebagai berikut:<br />
<br />
1.Pasar bebas, yaitu pasar dimana suatu produk menjadi semakin luas dan pemasarannya semakin banyak<br />
2.Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dapat dengan mudah dan dapat diterima<br />
3.Wawasan budaya semakin luas<br />
4.Peluang dan tantangan bisnis dalam bidang kepariwisataan semakin terbuka<br />
5.Lapangan kerja semakin terbuka dan banyak<br />
<br />
1.<b>Pengaruh Teknologi Terhadap Kehidupan Berbangsa dan Bernegara</b><br />
<br />
Globalisasi adalah suatu proses penyebaran unsur-unsur baru yang menyangkut informasi secara mendunia melalui media cetak dan elektronik. Secara terbatas, globalisasi dibentuk untuk kemajuan teknologi di bidang komunikasi dunia. Contohnya televisi, anda dapat melihat dan memperoleh informasi dengan berbagai peristiwa yang terjadi di seluruh dunia dalam waktu yang relatif singkat.<br />
<br />
Selanjutnya, media informasi akan berdampak negatif jika menghambat atau merusak teracapainya tujuan pembangunan. Tayangan-tayangan film horror, sadistis, atau adegan porno yang ditanyangkan melalui televisi merupakan salh satu bentuk tayangan yang dapat merusak mental dan kepribadian bangsa, khususnya anak-anak remaja.<br />
<br />
Arus globalisasi yang membawa perpindahan dari negara maju ke negara berkembang diperkirakan akan memberi pengaruh yang sangat besar terhadap perubahan dan kemajuan pembangunan di negara-negara berkembang.<br />
<br />
2. <b>Pengaruh Pasar Bebas terhadap Negara Berkembang</b><br />
<br />
Keterbukaan terhadap perdagangan internasional bukanlah fenomena baru bagi negara berkembang. Selama masa penjajahan, negara berkembang telah berhubungan dengan pasar dunia terutama dalam perannya sebagai eksportir bahan mentah dan importer barang-barang manufaktur. Aspek terpenting dari globalisasi perdagangan bagi mayoritas negara-negara berkembang adalah terus merosotnya nilai tukar komoditas ekspornya dan tingginya kuantitas impor produk-produk manufaktur.<br />
<br />
Belakangan kemerosotan nilai tukar tersebut menjadi semakin parah dan telah menjadi penyabb utama bagi perpidahan sejumlah besar volume sumber daya riil negara-negara berkembang. Persoal-persoalan lain yang dihadapi oleh negara-negara berkembang termasuk indoensia adalah tekanan-tekanan untuk memebbeaskan bea impro melalui persyaratan pinjaman. Ketidak seimbangan dalam perjanjian-perjanjian dna persoalan-persoalan yang muncul dari keharusan mereka untuk memeuhi sejumlah perjanjian dengan badan perdagangan internasional (WTO).<br />
<br />
Pola perdagangan colonial atau daerah jajajahan adalah mengekspor barang-barang mentah dan engara penjajah memfungsikan diri sebagia produksi barang-barang industri. Hal itu masih berlangsung hingga saat ini. Manfaat dan biaya liberalisme perdanganan bagi negara berkembang menimbulkan persoalan yang controversial. Pandangan konvensional menyatakan bahwa liberalisme perdagangan merupakan suatu yang penting dan secara otomatis memiliki dampak-dampak positif bagi pembangunan.<br />
<br />
C. <b>Menentukan Posisi terhadap Implikasi Globalisasi</b><br />
<br />
Keragaman budaya dari berbagai belahan dunia membentuk bvudaya global dan keragaman budaya di nusantara asehingga tidak menjadi pemecah persatuah bangsa. Pudarnya bentuk kawasan regional yang diterpa globalisasi diikuti oleh timbulnya orientasi-orientasi baru, dan membuat masyarakat dunia dapat mengidentifikasi diri dalam proses pembentukan identitas sosial masing-masing. Salah satu orientasi penting adalah timbulnya kutub-kutub budaya. Sebagaimana yang anda lihat di berbagai penjuru dunia, terjadia arus kebangkitan budaya sebagai aspek penting dalam proses globalisasi.<br />
<br />
Globalisasi memberi dampak yang meluas kepada fenomena imigrasi penduduk dalam blik budaya yang berbeda. Dunia menjadi semakin beragam dari segi komposisi budaya etnik, ras, dan warna kulit. Perkembangan yang terjadi saat ini membawa perubahan keanekaragaman budaya yang bersifat pluralism dan multiculturalism.<br />
<br />
Orang dapat memahami bahwa setiap teknologi baru yang belum dipahami benar segala potensinya dan mungkin akan dirasa mengancam kepentingan seseorang maka cenderung menimbulkan perasaan resah, khawatir, dan takut. Hal tersebut didukung dengan mulai timbulnya berbagai permasalahan dan tanggapan yang berbeda dari setiap unsur yang ada di masyarakat.<br />
<br />
Fenomena baru dalam era globalisasi ini adalah bertemunya budaya timur dan barat. Pertemuan ini diharapkan dapat melahirkan peradaban baru di kedua belah pihak. Akibat adanya kemajuan ini manusia mampu memperkaya unsur-unsur budaya yang telah ada. Mereka yang berada di belahan timur mendapat segi paham rasionalis barat, sedangkan mereka yang berada di belahan barat dapat mempelajari dan menyearp nilai-nilai religius timur. Dengan demikian, paham rasionalis dan materialis yang berkembang pesat di barat yang ditopang oleh kemjuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dapat bersanding dengan spiritualistas timur.<br />
<br />
Negara indoensia merupakan negara yang kaya akan keanekaragaman budaya bangsa. Keanekaragaman budaya sering berurusan dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, sebab setiap kelompok etnik memiliki sikap dan kepentingan yang berbeda terhadap ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Sementara itu,m ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi tetap mengalami kemajuan pesat sehingga khazanahnya makin kaya. Kekayaan tersebut sebenarnya memberikan peluang terhadap pilihan yang semakin luas dan banyak. Akan tetapi, justru karena banyak pilihan yang semakin luas dan banyak pilihan dapat menimbulkan banyak konlik dan pertentangan tentang pentahuan dan teknologi yang layak diberikan kepada generasi muda dalam rangka pelestarian budaya.<br />
<br />
Dalam perkembangannya, kebudayaan akan sangat dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang semakin maju. Hal ini terjadi pada era globalisasi yang sekarang sedang dihadapi. Begitu pula ini terjadi pada era globalisasi yang sekarang sedang dihadapi. Begitu pula dengan perkembangan masyarakat yang akan sangat terpengaruh oleh perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dalam era globalisasi ini.<br />
Pada sat ini, anda sedang berada di tengah era globalisasi yang berpengaruh terhadap perubahan budaya. Egara Indonesia sedang berusaha mempersiapkannya agar tidak ketinggalan dalam persaingan secara global.<br />
Berbagai contoh posisi bangsa Indoensia dalam era globalisasi dalam bidang ekonomi, teknologi, politik, hukum, sosial budaya, dan lingkungan hidup adalah sebagai berikut:<br />
<br />
1.<i>Dalam Bidang Ekonomi</i><br />
<br />
a.Meningkatkan kemampuan bangsa dan negara untuk berkompetisi secara internasional<br />
b.Meningkatkan kualitas produksi dalam negeri agar dapat bersaing di pasar internasional<br />
c.Meningkatkan pendapatan perkapita masyarakat<br />
<br />
2.<i>Dalam Bidang Teknologi</i><br />
<br />
a.Mampu mengembangkan teknologi dan informasi yang bertaraf internasional<br />
b.Memanfaatkan teknologi untuk mempublikasikan potensi yagn dimiliki oleh negara Indonesia<br />
c.Membuka akses informasi dari dunia interanasional sebagai studi banding dan sebagai sarana kerja sama dengan negara lain.<br />
<br />
3.<i>Dalam Bidang Politik</i><br />
<br />
a.Menegakkan nilai-nilai demokrasi<br />
b.Memperluas dan meningkatkan hubungan dan kerja sama internasional<br />
c.Partisipasi aktif dalam percaturan politik untuk menuju perdamaian dunia<br />
<br />
4. <i>Dalam Bidang Hukum</i><br />
<br />
a.Mematuhi peraturan hukum dan perjanjian internasional<br />
b.Turut meratifikasi perjanjian hukum internasional dalam berbagai masalah, seperti masalah HAM, narkoba, dan lain sebagainya.<br />
c.Menghormati peradilan internasional dan bekerja sama dengan Interpol<br />
<br />
5.<i>Dalam Bidang Sosial Budaya</i><br />
<br />
a.Turut serta berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan sosial internasional, misalnya lewat organisasi PBH dan Palang Merah Intenrasinal.<br />
b.Menjungjung tinggi pelaksanaan HAM<br />
c.Mengadakan pertukaran pelajar antara negara<br />
<br />
6.<i>Dalam Bidang Lingkungan Hidup</i><br />
<br />
a.Menentang pemakain senjata nuklir, baik untuk perang maupun penelitian yagn dapat merausak lingkungan hidup<br />
b.Turut serta melestarikan lingkungan hidup serta ekologi darat, laut, dan udara secara nasional dan internasional<br />
c.Menggalang kerja sama antar negara dalam menanggulangi pencemaran lingkungan<br />
<br />
<b>BAB III</b><br />
<b>PENUTUP</b><br />
<br />
A. Kesimpulan<br />
Pada dasarnya globalisasi adalah suatu proses penyebaran unsur-unsur baru yang menyangkut secara mendunia melalui media cetak dan elektronik.<br />
<br />
B. Saran<br />
Kita sebagi siswa harus bisa menyikapi pengaruh dari globalisasi dan dampak globalisasi dalam kehidupan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Refrensi:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://id.wikipedia.org/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.shvoong.com/humanities/theory-criticism/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://id.shvoong.com/humanities/theory-criticism/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.answers.yahoo.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://id.answers.yahoo.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://google.co.id/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://google.co.id</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div>fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-23009022562285369972011-11-04T03:21:00.000-07:002011-11-04T03:21:20.332-07:00lapisan sosial dalam masyarakat<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><strong><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Pelapisan sosial</span></strong> atau stratifikasi sosial (<i>social stratification</i>) adalah pembedaan atau pengelompokan para anggota <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat">masyarakat</a> secara vertikal (bertingkat).</div><h2 style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h2><div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">Stratifikasi sosial menurut Pitirim A. Sorokin adalah perbedaan penduduk / masyarakat ke dalam lapisan-lapisan kelas secara bertingkat (hirarkis).</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">Pitirim A. Sorokin dalam karangannya yang berjudul “Social Stratification” mengatakan bahwa sistem lapisan dalam masyarakat itu merupakan ciri yang tetap dan umum dalam masyarakat yang hidup teratur.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">Stratifikasi sosial menurut Drs. Robert M.Z. Lawang adalah penggolongan orang-orang yang termasuk dalam suatu sistem sosial tertentu ke dalam lapisan-lapisan hirarkis menurut dimensi kekuasaan, privilese dan prestise.</div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">statifikasi sosial menurut max weber adalah stratifikasi sosial sebagai penggolongan orang-orang yang termasuk dalam suatu sistem sosial tertentu ke dalam lapisan-lapisan hirarkis menurut dimensi kekuasaan, privilese dan prestise.</div><h2 style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dasar-dasar pembentukan pelapisan sosial</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h2><div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">Ukuran atau kriteria yang menonjol atau dominan sebagai dasar pembentukan pelapisan sosial adalah sebagai berikut.</div><h4 style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukuran kekayaan</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></h4><div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><b>Kekayaan</b> (materi atau kebendaan) dapat dijadikan ukuran penempatan anggota <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat">masyarakat</a> ke dalam lapisan-lapisan sosial yang ada, barang siapa memiliki kekayaan paling banyak mana ia akan termasuk lapisan teratas dalam sistem pelapisan sosial, demikian pula sebaliknya, yang tidak mempunyai kekayaan akan digolongkan ke dalam lapisan yang rendah. Kekayaan tersebut dapat dilihat antara lain pada bentuk tempat tinggal, benda-benda tersier yang dimilikinya, cara berpakaiannya, maupun kebiasaannya dalam berbelanja.</div><h4 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="mw-headline"><span id="Ukuran_kekuasaan_dan_wewenang">Ukuran kekuasaan dan wewenang</span></span></span></h4><div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">Seseorang yang mempunyai kekuasaan atau wewenang paling besar akan menempati lapisan teratas dalam sistem pelapisan sosial dalam masyarakat yang bersangkutan. Ukuran kekuasaan sering tidak lepas dari ukuran kekayaan, sebab orang yang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaya" title="Kaya">kaya</a> dalam masyarakat biasanya dapat menguasai orang-orang lain yang tidak kaya, atau sebaliknya, kekuasaan dan wewenang dapat mendatangkan kekayaan.</div><div style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="mw-headline">Ukuran kehormatan</span></div><div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">Ukuran kehormatan dapat terlepas dari ukuran-ukuran kekayaan atau kekuasaan. Orang-orang yang disegani atau dihormati akan menempati lapisan atas dari sistem pelapisan sosial masyarakatnya. Ukuran kehormatan ini sangat terasa pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masyarakat_tradisional&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Masyarakat tradisional (halaman belum tersedia)">masyarakat tradisional</a>, biasanya mereka sangat menghormati orang-orang yang banyak jasanya kepada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat">masyarakat</a>, para orang tua ataupun orang-orang yang berprilaku dan berbudi luhur.</div><h4 style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="mw-headline"><span id="Ukuran_ilmu_pengetahuan">Ukuran ilmu pengetahuan</span></span></span></h4><div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">Ukuran ilmu pengetahuan sering dipakai oleh anggota-anggota masyarakat yang menghargai ilmu pengetahuan. Seseorang yang paling menguasai ilmu pengetahuan akan menempati lapisan tinggi dalam sistem pelapisan sosial masyarakat yang bersangkutan. Penguasaan ilmu pengetahuan ini biasanya terdapat dalam gelar-gelar akademik (kesarjanaan), atau profesi yang disandang oleh seseorang, misalnya dokter, insinyur, doktorandus, doktor ataupun gelar profesional seperti profesor. Namun sering timbul akibat-akibat negatif dari kondisi ini jika gelar-gelar yang disandang tersebut lebih dinilai tinggi daripada ilmu yang dikuasainya, sehingga banyak orang yang berusaha dengan cara-cara yang tidak benar untuk memperoleh gelar kesarjanaan, misalnya dengan membeli skripsi, menyuap, ijazah palsu dan seterusnya.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stratifikasi Sosial</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stratifikasi sosial merupakan pembedaan anggota masyarakat berdasarkan status (Susanto, 1993). Definisi yang lebih spesifik mengenai stratifikasi sosial antara lain dikemukakan oleh Sorokin (1959) dalam Soekanto (1990) bahwa pelapisan sosial merupakan pembedaan penduduk atau masyarakat ke dalam kelas-kelas secara bertingkat (hierarkis). Perwujudannya adalah adanya kelas tinggi dan kelas rendah. Sedangkan dasar dan inti lapisan masyarakat itu adalah tidak adanya keseimbangan atau ketidaksamaan dalam pembagian hak, kewajiban, tanggung jawab, nilai-nilai sosial, dan pengaruhnya di antara anggota-anggota masyarakat.<br />
<b>Teori Pembentukan Pelapisan Sosial</b><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diferensiasi dan ketidaksamaan sosial mempunyai potensi untuk menimbulkan stratifikasi sosial dalam masyarakat. Diferensiasi sosial merupakan pengelompokan masyarakat secara horizontal berdasarkan pada ciri-ciri tertentu. Berbeda dengan ketidaksamaan sosial yang lebih menekankan pada kemampuan untuk mengakses sumberdaya, diferensiasi lebih menekankan pada kedudukan dan peranan.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stratifikasi sosial dapat terjadi sejalan dengan proses pertumbuhan atau dibentuk secara sengaja dibuat untuk mencapai tujuan bersama. Seperti apa yang dikemukakan Karl Marx yaitu karena adanya pembagian kerja dalam masyarakat, konflik sosial, dan hak kepemilikan.<br />
<b>Pembagian Kerja</b><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika dalam sebuah masyarakat terdapat pembagian kerja, maka akan terjadi ketergantungan antar individu yang satu dengan yang lain. Seorang yang sukses dalam mengumpulkan semua sumber daya yang ada dan berhasil dalam kedudukannya dalam sebuah masyarakat akan semakin banyak yang akan diraihnya. Sedangkan yang bernasib buruk berada di posisi yang amat tidak menguntungkan. Semua itu adalah penyebab terjadinya stratifikasi sosial yang berawal dari ketidaksamaan dalam kekuasaan dalam mengakses sumber daya.<br />
<b>Menurut Bierstedt (1970) pembagian kerja adalah fungsi dari ukuran masyarakat</b><br />
a) Merupakan syarat perlu terbentuknya kelas.<br />
b) Menghasilkan ragam posisi dan peranan yang membawa pada ketidaksamaan sosial yang berakhir pada stratifikasi sosial.<br />
2) Konflik Sosial<br />
Konflik sosial di sini dianggap sebagai suatu usaha oleh pelaku-pelaku untuk memperebutkan sesuatu yang dianggap langka dan berharga dalam masyarakat. Pemenangnya adalah yang mendapatkan kekuasaan yang lebih dibanding yang lain. Dari sinilah stratifikasi sosial lahir. Hal ini terjadi karena terdapat perbedaan dalam pengaksesan suatu kekuasaan.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hak Kepemilikan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hak kepemilikan adalah lanjutan dari konflik sosial yang terjadi karena kelangkaan pada sumber daya. Maka yang memenangkan konflik sosial akan mendapat akses dan kontrol lebih lebih dan terjadi kelangkaan pada hak kepemilikan terhadap sumber daya tersebut.<br />
Setelah semua akses yang ada mereka dapatkan, maka mereka akan mendapatkan kesempatan hidup (life change) dari yang lain. Lalu, mereka akan memiliki gaya hidup (life style) yang berbeda dari yang lain serta menunjukannya dalam simbol-simbol sosial tertentu.<br />
Dasar Pelapisan Sosial<br />
<b>Ukuran atau kriteria yang biasa dipakai untuk menggolong-golongkan anggota masyarakat ke dalam suatu lapisan. (Calhoun dalam Soekanto, 1990) adalah sebagai berikut : </b><br />
1) Ukuran kekayaan, barang siapa yang memiliki kekayaan paling banyak, termasuk dalam lapisan teratas. Kekayaan tersebut, misalnya : rumah, kerbau, sawah, dan tanah.<br />
2) Ukuran kekuasaan, barang siapa yang memiliki kekuasaan atau yang mempunyai wewenang terbesar menempati lapisan atas. Contoh: Pak Kades, Pak Carik, Tokoh masyarakat (Tomas).<br />
3) Ukuran kehormatan, orang yang paling disegani dan dihormati, mendapat tempat yang teratas. Ukuran semacam ini banyak dijumpai pada maysarakat tradisional. Biasanya mereka adalah golongan tua atau mereka yang pernah berjasa.<br />
4) Ukuran pengetahuan, pengetahuan sebagai ukuran, dipakai oleh masyarakat yang menghargai ilmu pengetahuan. Barang siapa yang berilmu maka dianggap sebagai orang pintar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Referensi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://kamaluddin86.blogspot.com/">http://kamaluddin86.blogspot.com</a></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.wikipedia.org</span></div>fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-77625333238448301652011-11-04T02:49:00.000-07:002011-11-04T02:49:18.921-07:00HUBUNGAN ANTARA HUKUM PEMERINTAHAN DAN NEGARA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENGERTIAN HUKUM</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia adalah sebuah negara yang wilayahnya terbagi atas daerah-daerah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi" title="Provinsi"><span style="color: blue;">Provinsi</span></a>. Daerah provinsi itu dibagi lagi atas daerah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten" title="Kabupaten"><span style="color: blue;">Kabupaten</span></a> dan daerah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota" title="Kota"><span style="color: blue;">Kota</span></a>. Setiap daerah provinsi, daerah kabupaten, dan daerah kota mempunyai pemerintahan daerah yang diatur dengan undang-undang. <b>Pemerintahan Daerah</b> adalah penyelenggaraan urusan pemerintahan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintah_Daerah" title="Pemerintah Daerah"><span style="color: blue;">Pemerintah Daerah</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPRD" title="DPRD"><span style="color: blue;">DPRD</span></a> menurut asas otonomi dan tugas pembantuan dengan prinsip otonomi seluas-luasnya dalam sistem dan prinsip Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia sebagaimana dimaksud dalam UUD 1945.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerintahan daerah provinsi, kabupaten, dan kota memiliki <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Perwakilan_Rakyat_Daerah" title="Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah"><span style="color: blue;">Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah</span></a> yang anggota-anggotanya dipilih melalui pemilihan umum. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubernur" title="Gubernur"><span style="color: blue;">Gubernur</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupati" title="Bupati"><span style="color: blue;">Bupati</span></a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walikota" title="Walikota"><span style="color: blue;">Walikota</span></a> masing-masing sebagai Kepala <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintah_Daerah" title="Pemerintah Daerah"><span style="color: blue;">Pemerintah Daerah</span></a> Provinsi, Kabupaten dan Kota dipilih secara demokratis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hubungan wewenang antara pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah provinsi, kabupaten, dan kota atau antara provinsi dan kabupaten dan kota, diatur dengan undang-undang dengan memperhatikan kekhususan dan keragaman daerah. Hubungan keuangan, pelayanan umum, pemanfatan sumber daya alam dan sumber daya lainnya antara pemerintah pusat dan pemerintahan daerah diatur dan dilaksanakan secara adil dan selaras berdasarkan undang-undang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Negara mengakui dan menghormati satuan-satuan pemerintahan daerah yang bersifat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daerah_Khusus" title="Daerah Khusus"><span style="color: blue;">khusus</span></a> atau bersifat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daerah_Istimewa" title="Daerah Istimewa"><span style="color: blue;">istimewa</span></a> yang diatur dengan undang-undang. Negara mengakui dan menghormati kesatuan-kesatuan masyarakat hukum adat serta hak-hak tradisonalnya sepanjang masih hidup dan sesuai dengan perkembangan masyarakat dan prinsip Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia, yang diatur dalam undang-undang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembentukan dan Penghapusan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembentukan daerah provinsi, daerah kabupaten, dan daerah kota ditetapkan dengan undang-undang. Pembentukan daerah dapat berupa penggabungan beberapa daerah atau bagian daerah yang bersandingan atau pemekaran dari satu daerah menjadi dua daerah atau lebih. Daerah dapat dihapus dan digabung dengan daerah lain apabila daerah yang bersangkutan tidak mampu menyelenggarakan otonomi daerah. Penghapusan dan penggabungan daerah beserta akibatnya ditetapkan dengan undang-undang. Untuk menyelenggarakan fungsi pemerintahan tertentu yang bersifat khusus bagi kepentingan nasional, Pemerintah dapat menetapkan kawasan khusus dalam wilayah provinsi dan/atau kabupaten/kota.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembagian Urusan Pemerintahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urusan Pemerintahan Pusat Pemerintahan daerah menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintahan yang menjadi kewenangannya, kecuali urusan pemerintahan yang oleh Undang-undang ditentukan menjadi urusan pemerintah pusat. Urusan pemerintahan yang menjadi urusan Pemerintah Pusat meliputi:</span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">politik luar negeri;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pertahanan;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">keamanan;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yustisi;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">moneter dan fiskal nasional;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">agama ; dan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">norma.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urusan Pemerintahan Daerah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyelenggaraan urusan pemerintahan dibagi berdasarkan kriteria eksternalitas, akuntabilitas, dan efisiensi dengan memperhatikan keserasian hubungan antar susunan pemerintahan. Urusan pemerintahan yang menjadi kewenangan pemerintahan daerah, yang diselenggarakan berdasarkan kriteria di atas terdiri atas urusan wajib dan urusan pilihan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urusan wajib yang menjadi kewenangan pemerintahan daerah provinsi merupakan urusan dalam skala provinsi yang meliputi 16 buah urusan. Urusan pemerintahan provinsi yang bersifat pilihan meliputi urusan pemerintahan yang secara nyata ada dan berpotensi untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat sesuai dengan kondisi, kekhasan, dan potensi unggulan daerah yang bersangkutan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urusan wajib yang menjadi kewenangan pemerintahan daerah kabupaten atau daerah kota merupakan urusan yang berskala kabupaten atau kota meliputi 16 buah urusan. Urusan pemerintahan kabupaten atau kota yang bersifat pilihan meliputi urusan pemerintahan yang secara nyata ada dan berpotensi untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat sesuai dengan kondisi, kekhasan, dan potensi unggulan daerah yang bersangkutan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintahan yang menjadi kewenangan daerah, pemerintahan daerah menjalankan otonomi seluas-luasnya untuk mengatur dan mengurus sendiri urusan pemerintahan berdasarkan asas otonomi dan tugas pembantuan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerintahan daerah dalam menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintahan memiliki hubungan dengan pemerintah pusat dan dengan pemerintahan daerah lainnya. Hubungan tersebut meliputi hubungan wewenang, keuangan, pelayanan umum, pemanfaatan sumber daya alam, dan sumber daya lainnya. Hubungan keuangan, pelayanan umum, pemanfaatan sumber daya alam, dan sumber daya lainnya dilaksanakan secara adil dan selaras. Hubungan wewenang, keuangan, pelayanan umum, pemanfaatan sumber daya alam dan sumber daya lainnya menimbulkan hubungan administrasi dan kewilayahan antarsusunan pemerintahan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyelenggara Pemerintahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyelenggara pemerintahan adalah Presiden dibantu oleh wakil presiden, dan oleh menteri negara.Penyelenggara pemerintahan daerah adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintah_daerah" title="Pemerintah daerah"><span style="color: blue;">pemerintah daerah</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPRD" title="DPRD"><span style="color: blue;">DPRD</span></a>. Untuk pemerintahan daerah provinsi yang terdiri atas pemerintah daerah provinsi dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPRD_Provinsi" title="DPRD Provinsi"><span style="color: blue;">DPRD provinsi</span></a>. Untuk pemerintahan daerah kabupaten atau daerah kota yang terdiri atas pemerintah daerah kabupaten atau kota dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPRD_Kabupaten" title="DPRD Kabupaten"><span style="color: blue;">DPRD kabupaten</span></a> atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPRD_Kota" title="DPRD Kota"><span style="color: blue;">kota</span></a>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam menyelenggarakan pemerintahan, pemerintah pusat menggunakan asas desentralisasi, tugas pembantuan, dan dekonsentrasi sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan. Dalam menyelenggarakan pemerintahan daerah, pemerintahan daerah menggunakan asas otonomi dan tugas pembantuan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Desentralisasi adalah penyerahan wewenang pemerintahan oleh Pemerintah kepada daerah otonom untuk mengatur dan mengurus urusan pemerintahan dalam sistem Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Tugas pembantuan adalah penugasan dari Pemerintah kepada daerah dan/atau desa dari pemerintah provinsi kepada kabupaten/kota dan/atau desa serta dari pemerintah kabupaten/kota kepada desa untuk melaksanakan tugas tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dekonsentrasi adalah pelimpahan wewenang pemerintahan oleh Pemerintah kepada Gubernur sebagai wakil pemerintah dan/atau kepada instansi vertikal di wilayah tertentu. Otonomi daerah adalah hak, wewenang, dan kewajiban daerah otonom untuk mengatur dan mengurus sendiri urusan pemerintahan dan kepentingan masyarakat setempat sesuai dengan peraturan perundangundangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam menyelenggarakan otonomi, daerah mempunyai hak dan kewajiban. Hak dan kewajiban tersebut diwujudkan dalam bentuk rencana kerja pemerintahan daerah dan dijabarkan dalam bentuk pendapatan, belanja, dan pembiayaan daerah yang dikelola dalam sistem pengelolaan keuangan daerah. Pengelolaan keuangan daerah dimaksud dilakukan secara efisien, efektif, transparan, akuntabel, tertib, adil, patut, dan taat pada peraturan perundang-undangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerintah Daerah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap daerah dipimpin oleh kepala pemerintah daerah yang disebut kepala daerah. Kepala daerah untuk provinsi disebut gubernur, untuk kabupaten disebut bupati dan untuk kota adalah walikota. Kepala daerah dibantu oleh satu orang wakil kepala daerah, untuk provinsi disebut wakil Gubernur, untuk kabupaten disebut wakil bupati dan untuk kota disebut wakil walikota. Kepala dan wakil kepala daerah memiliki tugas, wewenang dan kewajiban serta larangan. Kepala daerah juga mempunyai kewajiban untuk memberikan laporan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah kepada Pemerintah, dan memberikan laporan keterangan pertanggungjawaban kepada DPRD, serta menginformasikan laporan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah kepada masyarakat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gubernur yang karena jabatannya berkedudukan juga sebagai wakil pemerintah pusat di wilayah provinsi yang bersangkutan, dalam pengertian untuk menjembatani dan memperpendek rentang kendali pelaksanaan tugas dan fungsi Pemerintah termasuk dalam pembinaan dan pengawasan terhadap penyelenggaraan urusan pemerintahan pada strata pemerintahan kabupaten dan kota.Dalam kedudukannya sebagai wakil pemerintah pusat sebagaimana dimaksud, Gubernur bertanggung jawab kepada Presiden.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perangkat Daerah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dasar utama penyusunan perangkat daerah dalam bentuk suatu organisasi adalah adanya urusan pemerintahan yang perlu ditangani. Namun tidak berarti bahwa setiap penanganan urusan pemerintahan harus dibentuk ke dalam organisasi tersendiri. Besaran organisasi perangkat daerah sekurang-kurangnya mempertimbangkan faktor kemampuan keuangan; kebutuhan daerah; cakupan tugas yang meliputi sasaran tugas yang harus diwujudkan, jenis dan banyaknya tugas; luas wilayah kerja dan kondisi geografis; jumlah dan kepadatan penduduk; potensi daerah yang bertalian dengan urusan yang akan ditangani; sarana dan prasarana penunjang tugas. Oleh karena itu kebutuhan akan organisasi perangkat daerah bagi masing-masing daerah tidak senantiasa sama atau seragam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perangkat daerah provinsi terdiri atas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekretariat_Daerah" title="Sekretariat Daerah"><span style="color: blue;">sekretariat daerah</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekretariat_DPRD" title="Sekretariat DPRD"><span style="color: blue;">sekretariat DPRD</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinas_Daerah" title="Dinas Daerah"><span style="color: blue;">dinas daerah</span></a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaga_Teknis_Daerah" title="Lembaga Teknis Daerah"><span style="color: blue;">lembaga teknis daerah</span></a>. Perangkat daerah kabupaten/kota terdiri atas sekretariat daerah, sekretariat DPRD, dinas daerah, lembaga teknis daerah, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecamatan" title="Kecamatan"><span style="color: blue;">kecamatan</span></a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelurahan" title="Kelurahan"><span style="color: blue;">kelurahan</span></a>. Susunan organisasi perangkat daerah ditetapkan dalam Perda dengan memperhatikan faktor-faktor tertentu dan berpedoman pada Peraturan Pemerintah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekretariat daerah dipimpin oleh Sekretaris Daerah. Sekretaris daerah mempunyai tugas dan kewajiban membantu kepala daerah dalam menyusun kebijakan dan mengkoordinasikan dinas daerah dan lembaga teknis daerah. Sekretariat DPRD dipimpin oleh Sekretaris DPRD. Sekretaris DPRD mempunyai tugas: (a). menyelenggarakan administrasi kesekretariatan DPRD; (b). menyelenggarakan administrasi keuangan DPRD; (c). mendukung pelaksanaan tugas dan fungsi DPRD; dan (d). menyediakan dan mengkoordinasi tenaga ahli yang diperlukan oleh DPRD dalam melaksanakan fungsinya sesuai dengan kemampuan keuangan daerah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dinas daerah merupakan unsur pelaksana otonomi daerah. Kepala dinas daerah bertanggung jawab kepada kepala daerah melalui Sekretaris Daerah. Lembaga teknis daerah merupakan unsur pendukung tugas kepala daerah dalam penyusunan dan pelaksanaan kebijakan daerah yang bersifat spesifik berbentuk badan, kantor, atau rumah sakit umum daerah. Kepala badan, kantor, atau rumah sakit umum daerah tersebut bertanggung jawab kepada kepala daerah melalui Sekretaris Daerah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kecamatan dibentuk di wilayah kabupaten/kota dengan Perda berpedoman pada Peraturan Pemerintah. Kecamatan dipimpin oleh camat yang dalam pelaksanaan tugasnya memperoleh pelimpahan sebagian wewenang bupati atau walikota untuk menangani sebagian urusan otonomi daerah. Kelurahan dibentuk di wilayah kecamatan dengan Perda berpedoman pada Peraturan Pemerintah. Kelurahan dipimpin oleh lurah yang dalam pelaksanaan tugasnya memperoleh pelimpahan dari Bupati/Walikota.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DPRD</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DPRD merupakan lembaga perwakilan rakyat daerah dan berkedudukan sebagai unsur penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah. DPRD memiliki fungsi legislasi, anggaran, dan pengawasan. DPRD mempunyai tugas dan wewenang. DPRD mempunyai hak: (a). interpelasi; (b). angket; dan (c). menyatakan pendapat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat kelengkapan DPRD terdiri atas: (a). pimpinan; (b). komisi; (c). panitia musyawarah; (d). panitia anggaran; (e). Badan Kehormatan; dan (f). alat kelengkapan lain yang diperlukan. Anggota DPRD mempunyai hak dan kewajiban. Anggota DPRD mempunyai larangan dan dapat diganti antar waktu. Ketentuan tentang DPRD sepanjang tidak diatur dalam Undang-Undang mengenai pemerintahan daerah berlaku ketentuan Undang-Undang yang mengatur Susunan dan Kedudukan MPR, DPR, DPD, dan DPRD.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hubungan antara pemerintah daerah dan DPRD merupakan hubungan kerja yang kedudukannya setara dan bersifat kemitraan. Kedudukan yang setara bermakna bahwa di antara lembaga pemerintahan daerah itu memiliki kedudukan yang sama dan sejajar, artinya tidak saling membawahi. Hal ini tercermin dalam membuat kebijakan daerah berupa Peraturan Daerah. Hubungan kemitraan bermakna bahwa antara Pemerintah Daerah dan DPRD adalah sama-sama mitra sekerja dalam membuat kebijakan daerah untuk melaksanakan otonomi daerah sesuai dengan fungsi masing-masing sehingga antar kedua lembaga itu membangun suatu hubungan kerja yang sifatnya saling mendukung bukan merupakan lawan ataupun pesaing satu sama lain dalam melaksanakan fungsi masing-masing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pilkada</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah dipilih dalam satu pasangan calon yang dilaksanakan secara demokratis berdasarkan asas langsung, umum, bebas, rahasia, jujur, dan adil. Calon Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah adalah warga negara Republik Indonesia yang memenuhi syarat tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pasangan calon kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah yang memperoleh suara lebih dari 50 % (lima puluh persen) jumlah suara sah ditetapkan sebagai pasangan calon terpilih. Apabila ketentuan tersebut tidak terpenuhi,pasangan calon kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah yang memperoleh suara lebih dari 25% (dua puluh lima persen) dari jumlah suara sah, pasangan calon yang perolehan suaranya terbesar dinyatakan sebagai pasangan calon terpilih.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila tidak ada yang mencapai 25 % (dua puluh lima persen) dari jumlah suara sah, dilakukan pemilihan putaran kedua yang diikuti oleh pemenang pertama dan pemenang kedua. Pasangan calon kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah yang memperoleh suara terbanyak pada putaran kedua dinyatakan sebagai pasangan calon terpilih.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gubernur dan wakil Gubernur dilantik oleh Menteri Dalam Negeri atas nama Presiden dalam sebuah sidang DPRD Provinsi. Bupati dan wakil bupati atau walikota dan wakil walikota dilantik oleh Gubernur atas nama Presiden dalam sebuah sidang DPRD Kabupaten atau Kota.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kepegawaian Daerah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerintah pusat melaksanakan pembinaan manajemen pegawai negeri sipil daerah dalam satu kesatuan penyelenggaraan manajemen pegawai negeri sipil secara nasional. Manajemen pegawai negeri sipil daerah meliputi penetapan formasi, pengadaan, pengangkatan, pemindahan, pemberhentian, penetapan pensiun, gaji, tunjangan, kesejahteraan, hak dan kewajiban kedudukan hukum, pengembangan kompetensi, dan pengendalian jumlah. Pembinaan dan pengawasan manajemen pegawai negeri sipil daerah dikoordinasikan pada tingkat nasional oleh Menteri Dalam Negeri dan pada tingkat daerah oleh Gubernur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perda dan Perkada</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peraturan daerah ditetapkan oleh kepala daerah setelah mendapat persetujuan bersama DPRD. Perda dibentuk dalam rangka penyelenggaraan otonomi daerah provinsi/ kabupaten/kota dan tugas pembantuan. Perda merupakan penjabaran lebih lanjut dari peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi dengan memperhatikan ciri khas masing-masing daerah. Perda tidak boleh bertentangan dengan kepentingan umum dan/atau peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perda dibentuk berdasarkan pada asas pembentukan peraturan perundangundangan. Masyarakat berhak memberikan masukan secara lisan atau tertulis dalam rangka penyiapan atau pembahasan rancangan Perda. Persiapan pembentukan, pembahasan, dan pengesahan rancangan Perda berpedoman kepada peraturan perundang-undangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perda berlaku setelah diundangkan dalam lembaran daerah. Perda disampaikan kepada Pemerintah pusat paling lama 7 (tujuh) hari setelah ditetapkan. Perda yang bertentangan dengan kepentingan umum dan/atau peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi dapat dibatalkan oleh Pemerintah pusat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk melaksanakan Perda dan atas kuasa peraturan perundang-undangan, kepala daerah menetapkan peraturan kepala daerah dan atau keputusan kepala daerah. Peraturan kepala daerah dan atau keputusan kepala daerah tidak boleh bertentangan dengan kepentingan umum, Perda, dan peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perda diundangkan dalam Lembaran Daerah dan Peraturan Kepala Daerah diundangkan dalam Berita Daerah. Pengundangan Perda dalam Lembaran Daerah dan Peraturan Kepala Daerah dalam Berita Daerah dilakukan oleh Sekretaris Daerah. Untuk membantu kepala daerah dalam menegakkan Perda dan penyelenggaraan ketertiban umum dan ketentraman masyarakat dibentuk Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perencanaan Pembangunan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam rangka penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah disusun perencanaan pembangunan daerah sebagai satu kesatuan dalam sistem perencanaan pembangunan nasional. Perencanaan pembangunan daerah disusun oleh pemerintahan daerah provinsi, daerah kabupaten atau daerah kota sesuai dengan kewenangannya yang dilaksanakan oleh Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah.</span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rencana pembangunan jangka panjang daerah (RPJP Daerah) untuk jangka waktu 20 (dua puluh) tahun yang ditetapkan dengan Perda;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rencana pembangunan jangka menengah daerah (RPJM Daerah) untuk jangka waktu 5 (lima) tahun yang ditetapkan dengan Perda</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rencana kerja pembangunan daerah (RKPD) merupakan penjabaran dari RPJM daerah untuk jangka waktu 1 (satu) tahun dengan mengacu kepada rencana kerja Pemerintah pusat.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keuangan Daerah</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyelenggaraan fungsi pemerintahan daerah akan terlaksana secara optimal apabila penyelenggaraan urusan pemerintahan diikuti dengan pemberian sumber-sumber penerimaan yang cukup kepada daerah, dengan mengacu kepada Undang-Undang yang mengatur Perimbangan Keuangan antara Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintahan Daerah, dimana besarnya disesuaikan dan diselaraskan dengan pembagian kewenangan antara Pemerintah dan Daerah. Semua sumber keuangan yang melekat pada setiap urusan pemerintah yang diserahkan kepada daerah menjadi sumber keuangan daerah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daerah diberikan hak untuk mendapatkan sumber keuangan yang antara lain berupa : kepastian tersedianya pendanaan dari Pemerintah sesuai dengan urusan pemerintah yang diserahkan; kewenangan memungut dan mendayagunakan pajak dan retribusi daerah dan hak untuk mendapatkan bagi hasil dari sumber-sumber daya nasional yang berada di daerah dan dana perimbangan lainnya; hak untuk mengelola kekayaan Daerah dan mendapatkan sumber-sumber pendapatan lain yang sah serta sumber-sumber pembiayaan. Dengan pengaturan tersebut, dalam hal ini pada dasarnya Pemerintah menerapkan prinsip uang mengikuti fungsi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di dalam Undang-Undang yang mengatur Keuangan Negara, terdapat penegasan di bidang pengelolaan keuangan, yaitu bahwa kekuasaan pengelolaan keuangan negara adalah sebagai bagian dari kekuasaan pemerintahan; dan kekuasaan pengelolaan keuangan negara dari presiden sebagian diserahkan kepada gubernur/bupati/walikota selaku kepala pemerintah daerah untuk mengelola keuangan daerah dan mewakili pemerintah daerah dalam kepemilikan kekayaan daerah yang dipisahkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketentuan tersebut berimplikasi pada pengaturan pengelolaan keuangan daerah, yaitu bahwa Kepala daerah (gubernur/bupati/walikota) adalah pemegang kekuasaan pengelolaan keuangan daerah dan bertanggungjawab atas pengelolaan keuangan daerah sebagai bagian dari kekuasaan pemerintahan daerah. Dalam melaksanakan kekuasaannya, kepala daerah melimpahkan sebagian atau seluruh kekuasaan keuangan daerah kepada para pejabat perangkat daerah. Dengan demikian pengaturan pengelolaan dan pertanggungjawaban keuangan daerah melekat dan menjadi satu dengan pengaturan pemerintahan daerah, yaitu dalam Undang-Undang mengenai Pemerintahan Daerah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber pendapatan daerah terdiri atas:</span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pendapatan asli daerah ( PAD), yang meliputi: (a) hasil pajak daerah; (b) hasil retribusi daerah; (c) hasil pengelolaan kekayaan daerah yang dipisahkan; dan (d) lain-lain PAD yang sah;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dana perimbangan yang meliputi: (a). Dana Bagi Hasil; (b). Dana Alokasi Umum; dan (c). Dana Alokasi Khusus; dan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lain-lain pendapatan daerah yang sah.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerintah daerah dapat melakukan pinjaman yang berasal dari penerusan pinjaman hutang luar negeri dari Menteri Keuangan atas nama Pemerintah pusat setelah memperoleh pertimbangan Menteri Dalam Negeri. Pemerintah daerah dapat melakukan penyertaan modal pada suatu Badan Usaha Milik Pemerintah dan/atau milik swasta. Pemerintah daerah dapat memiliki BUMD yang pembentukan, penggabungan, pelepasan kepemilikan, dan/atau pembubarannya ditetapkan dengan Perda yang berpedoman pada peraturan perundangundangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anggaran pendapatan dan belanja daerah ( APBD) adalah rencana keuangan tahunan pemerintahan daerah yang ditetapkan dengan peraturan daerah. APBD merupakan dasar pengelolaan keuangan daerah dalam masa 1 (satu) tahun anggaran terhitung mulai 1 Januari sampai dengan tanggal 31 Desember. Kepala daerah mengajukan rancangan Perda tentang APBD disertai penjelasan dan dokumen-dokumen pendukungnya kepada DPRD untuk memperoleh persetujuan bersama. Rancangan Perda provinsi tentang APBD yang telah disetujui bersama dan rancangan Peraturan Gubernur tentang penjabaran APBD sebelum ditetapkan oleh Gubernur paling lambat 3 (tiga) hari disampaikan kepada Menteri Dalam Negeri untuk dievaluasi. Rancangan Perda kabupaten/kota tentang APBD yang telah disetujui bersama dan rancangan Peraturan Bupati/Walikota tentang Penjabaran APBD sebelum ditetapkan oleh Bupati/Walikota paling lama 3 (tiga) hari disampaikan kepada Gubernur untuk dievaluasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua penerimaan dan pengeluaran pemerintahan daerah dianggarkan dalam APBD dan dilakukan melalui rekening kas daerah yang dikelola oleh Bendahara Umum Daerah. Penyusunan, pelaksanaan, penatausahaan, pelaporan, pengawasan dan pertanggungjawaban keuangan daerah diatur lebih lanjut dengan Perda yang berpedoman pada Peraturan Pemerintah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerjasama dan Perselisihan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam rangka meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat, daerah dapat mengadakan kerja sama dengan daerah lain yang didasarkan pada pertimbangan efisiensi dan efektifitas pelayanan publik, sinergi dan saling menguntungkan. Kerja sama tersebut dapat diwujudkan dalam bentuk badan kerjasama antar daerah yang diatur dengan keputusan bersama. Dalam penyediaan pelayanan publik, daerah dapat bekerja sama dengan pihak ketiga. Kerja sama yang membebani masyarakat dan daerah harus mendapatkan persetujuan DPRD.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila terjadi perselisihan dalam penyelenggaraan fungsi pemerintahan antar kabupaten/kota dalam satu provinsi, Gubernur menyelesaikan perselisihan dimaksud. Apabila terjadi perselisihan antarprovinsi, antara provinsi dan kabupaten/kota di wilayahnya, serta antara provinsi dan kabupaten/kota di luar wilayahnya, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteri_Dalam_Negeri" title="Menteri Dalam Negeri"><span style="color: blue;">Menteri Dalam Negeri</span></a> menyelesaikan perselisihan dimaksud. Keputusan Guberneur atau Menteri Dalam Negeri sebagaimana dimaksud bersifat final.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kawasan Perkotaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kawasan perkotaan dapat berbentuk :</span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota" title="Kota"><span style="color: blue;">Kota</span></a> sebagai daerah otonom yang dikelola oleh pemerintah kota;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bagian daerah kabupaten yang memiliki ciri perkotaan yang dikelola oleh daerah atau lembaga pengelola yang dibentuk dan bertanggungjawab kepada pemerintah kabupaten.;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bagian dari dua atau lebih daerah yang berbatasan langsung dan memiliki ciri perkotaan yang dikelola bersama oleh daerah terkait.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam perencanaan, pelaksanaan pembangunan, dan pengelolaan kawasan perkotaan, pemerintah daerah mengikutsertakan masyarakat sebagai upaya pemberdayaan masyarakat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Desa atau nama lain</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam pemerintahan daerah kabupaten/kota dibentuk pemerintahan desa yang terdiri dari pemerintah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desa" title="Desa"><span style="color: blue;">desa</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Permusyawaratan_Desa" title="Badan Permusyawaratan Desa"><span style="color: blue;">Badan Permusyawaratan Desa</span></a>. Pembentukan, penghapusan, dan/atau penggabungan Desa dengan memperhatikan asal usulnya atas prakarsa masyarakat. Landasan pemikiran dalam pengaturan mengenai desa adalah keanekaragaman, partisipasi, otonomi asli, demokratisasi dan pemberdayaan masyarakat. Pemerintah mengakui otonomi yang dimiliki oleh desa ataupun dengan sebutan lainnya dan kepada desa melalui pemerintah desa dapat diberikan penugasan ataupun pendelegasian dari Pemerintah ataupun pemerintah daerah untuk melaksanakan urusan pemerintah tertentu. Sedang terhadap desa di luar desa geneologis yaitu desa yang bersifat administratif seperti desa yang dibentuk karena pemekaran desa ataupun karena transmigrasi ataupun karena alasan lain yang warganya pluralistis, majemuk, ataupun heterogen, maka otonomi desa akan diberikan kesempatan untuk tumbuh dan berkembang mengikuti perkembangan dari desa itu sendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerintah desa terdiri atas kepala desa dan perangkat desa. Desa yang dimaksud dalam ketentuan ini termasuk antara lain <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagari" title="Nagari"><span style="color: blue;">Nagari</span></a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera_Barat" title="Sumatera Barat"><span style="color: blue;">Sumatera Barat</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gampong" title="Gampong"><span style="color: blue;">Gampong</span></a> di provinsi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAD" title="NAD"><span style="color: blue;">NAD</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembang" title="Lembang"><span style="color: blue;">Lembang</span></a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi_Selatan" title="Sulawesi Selatan"><span style="color: blue;">Sulawesi Selatan</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampung" title="Kampung"><span style="color: blue;">Kampung</span></a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan_Selatan" title="Kalimantan Selatan"><span style="color: blue;">Kalimantan Selatan</span></a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua" title="Papua"><span style="color: blue;">Papua</span></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri" title="Negeri"><span style="color: blue;">Negeri</span></a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku" title="Maluku"><span style="color: blue;">Maluku</span></a>. Perangkat desa terdiri dari sekretaris desa dan perangkat desa lainnya. Yang dimaksud dengan Perangkat Desa lainnya dalam ketentuan ini adalah perangkat pembantu Kepala Desa yang terdiri dari Sekretariat Desa, pelaksana teknis lapangan seperti kepala urusan, dan unsur kewilayahan seperti kepala dusun atau dengan sebutan lain.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kepala desa dipilih langsung oleh dan dari penduduk desa warga negara Republik Indonesia yang syarat selanjutnya dan tata cara pemilihannya diatur dengan Perda yang berpedoman kepada Peraturan Pemerintah. Calon kepala desa yang memperoleh suara terbanyak dalam pemilihan kepala desa sebagaimana dimaksud, ditetapkan sebagai kepala desa. Masa jabatan kepala desa adalah 6 (enam) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali hanya untuk 1 (satu) kali masa jabatan berikutnya. Masa jabatan kepala desa dalam ketentuan ini dapat dikecualikan bagi kesatuan masyarakat hukum adat yang keberadaannya masih hidup dan diakui yang ditetapkan dengan Perda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Badan Permusyawaratan Desa berfungsi menetapkan peraturan desa bersama kepala desa, menampung dan menyalurkan aspirasi masyarakat. Di desa dapat dibentuk lembaga kemasyarakatan yang ditetapkan dengan peraturan desa dengan berpedoman pada peraturan perundangundangan. Yang dimaksud dengan lembaga kemasyarakatan desa dalam ketentuan ini seperti: Rukun Tetangga, Rukun Warga, PKK, karang taruna, lembaga pemberdayaan masyarakat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urusan pemerintahan yang menjadi kewenangan desa mencakup:</span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">urusan pemerintahan yang sudah ada berdasarkan hak asal-usul desa;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">urusan pemerintahan yang menjadi kewenangan kabupaten/kota yang diserahkan pengaturannya kepada desa;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tugas pembantuan dari Pemerintah, pemerintah provinsi, dan/atau pemerintah kabupaten/kota;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">urusan pemerintahan lainnya yang oleh peraturan perundang-perundangan diserahkan kepada desa.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keuangan desa adalah semua hak dan kewajiban desa yang dapat dinilai dengan uang, serta segala sesuatu baik berupa uang maupun berupa barang yang dapat dijadikan milik desa berhubung dengan pelaksanaan hak dan kewajiban. Desa dapat mendirikan badan usaha milik desa sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan potensi desa. Desa dapat mengadakan kerja sama untuk kepentingan desa yang diatur dengan keputusan bersama dan dilaporkan kepada Bupati/Walikota melalui camat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembinaan dan Pengawasan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembinaan atas penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah adalah upaya yang dilakukan untuk mewujudkan tercapainya tujuan penyelenggaraan otonomi daerah. Pembinaan atas penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah dilaksanakan oleh Pemerintah dan atau Gubernur selaku Wakil Pemerintah di Daerah. Koordinasi pembinaan dilaksanakan secara berkala pada tingkat nasional, regional, atau provinsi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembinaan tersebut meliputi</span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">koordinasi pemerintahan antarsusunan pemerintahan;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pemberian pedoman dan standar pelaksanaan urusan pemerintahan;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pemberian bimbingan, supervisi, dan konsultasi pelaksanaan urusan pemerintahan;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pendidikan dan pelatihan; dan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perencanaan, penelitian, pengembangan, pemantauan, dan evaluasi pelaksanaan urusan pemerintahan.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengawasan atas penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah adalah proses kegiatan yang ditujukan untuk menjamin agar pemerintah daerah berjalan sesuai dengan rencana dan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Pengawasan atas penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah dilaksanakan oleh Pemerintah yang meliputi:</span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengawasan atas pelaksanaan urusan pemerintahan di daerah;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengawasan terhadap peraturan daerah dan peraturan kepala daerah.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerintah memberikan penghargaan dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah. Sanksi diberikan oleh Pemerintah dalam rangka pengawasan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah apabila diketemukan adanya penyimpangan dan pelanggaran oleh penyelenggara pemerintahan daerah tersebut. Sanksi dimaksud antara lain dapat berupa penataan kembali suatu daerah otonom, pembatalan pengangkatan pejabat, penangguhan dan pembatalan berlakunya suatu kebijakan daerah baik peraturan daerah, keputusan kepala daerah, dan ketentuan lain yang ditetapkan daerah serta dapat memberikan sanksi pidana yang diproses sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembinaan dan pengawasan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah tersebut secara nasional dikoordinasikan oleh Menteri Dalam Negeri. Pembinaan dan pengawasan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah untuk kabupaten/kota dikoordinasikan oleh Gubernur. Pembinaan dan pengawasan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan desa dikoordinasikan oleh Bupati/Walikota.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertimbangan Otonomi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam rangka penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah, Presiden dapat membentuk suatu dewan yang bertugas memberikan saran dan pertimbangan terhadap kebijakan otonomi daerah. Dewan ini dipimpin oleh Menteri Dalam Negeri yang susunan organisasi keanggotaan dan tata laksananya diatur lebih lanjut dengan Peraturan Presiden. Dewan tersebut bertugas memberikan saran dan pertimbangan kepada Presiden antara lain mengenai rancangan kebijakan:</span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pembentukan, penghapusan dan penggabungan daerah serta pembentukan kawasan khusus;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perimbangan keuangan antara Pemerintah dan pemerintahan daerah,<b>[<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pemerintahan_daerah_di_Indonesia&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Ketentuan Lain-lain"><span style="color: blue;">sunting</span></a>] Ketentuan Lain-lain</b></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daerah-daerah yang memiliki status <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daerah_Istimewa" title="Daerah Istimewa"><span style="color: blue;">istimewa</span></a> dan diberikan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daerah_Khusus" title="Daerah Khusus"><span style="color: blue;">otonomi khusus</span></a> selain diatur dengan Undang-Undang ini diberlakukan pula ketentuan khusus yang diatur dalam undang-undang lain. Ketentuan dalam Undang-Undang ini berlaku bagi Provinsi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daerah_Khusus_Ibukota_Jakarta" title="Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta"><span style="color: blue;">Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta</span></a>, Provinsi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanggroe_Aceh_Darussalam" title="Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam"><span style="color: blue;">Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam</span></a>, Provinsi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua" title="Papua"><span style="color: blue;">Papua</span></a> termasuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_Barat" title="Papua Barat"><span style="color: blue;">provinsi hasil pemekarannya</span></a>, dan Provinsi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daerah_Istimewa_Yogyakarta" title="Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta"><span style="color: blue;">Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta</span></a> sepanjang tidak diatur secara khusus dalam Undang-Undang tersendiri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang dimaksud dengan Undang-Undang tersendiri adalah Undang-Undang Nomor 29 Tahun 2007 tentang Pemerintahan Provinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta sebagai Ibukota Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (LN Tahun 2007 Nomor 93; TLN 4744); Undang-Undang Nomor 44 Tahun 1999 tentang Penyelenggaraan Keistimewaan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh (LN Tahun 1999 Nomor 172; TLN 3893) dan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2006 tentang Pemerintahan Aceh (LN Tahun 2006 Nomor 62; TLN 4633); dan Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2001 tentang Otonomi Khusus bagi Provinsi Papua (LN Tahun 2001 Nomor 135; TLN 4151). Karena Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta belum memiliki Undang-Undang tersendiri, maka keistimewaan untuk Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1999, adalah tetap dengan ketentuan bahwa penyelenggaraan pemerintahan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta didasarkan pada Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyelenggaraan urusan pemerintahan yang menjadi wewenang Pemerintah yang didekonsentrasikan, dilaksanakan oleh instansi vertikal di daerah. Instansi vertikal tersebut jumlah, susunan dan luas wilayah kerjanya ditetapkan Pemerintah. Semua instansi vertikal yang diserahkan dan menjadi perangkat daerah, kekayaannya dialihkan menjadi milik daerah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batas daerah provinsi atau kabupaten/kota yang berbatasan dengan wilayah negara lain, diatur berdasarkan peraturan perundang- undangan dengan memperhatikan hukum internasional yang pelaksanaannya ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anggota <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara_Nasional_Indonesia" title="Tentara Nasional Indonesia"><span style="color: blue;">Tentara Nasional Indonesia</span></a> dan anggota <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepolisian_Negara_Republik_Indonesia" title="Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia"><span style="color: blue;">Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia</span></a> tidak menggunakan hak memilihnya dalam pemilihan kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah sepanjang belum diatur dalam undang-undang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://echa.student.umm.ac.id/2010/02/05/hubungan-ilmu-pemerintahan-dan-ilmu-ilmu-kenegaraan/" title="Permanent Link: Hubungan Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Ilmu-Ilmu Kenegaraan"><span style="color: blue;">Hubungan Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Ilmu-Ilmu Kenegaraan</span></a></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hubungan Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Ilmu-Ilmu Kenegaraan</span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada dasarnya politik mempunyai ruang lingkup negara, membicarakan politik pada hakikatnya adalah membicarakan negara, karena teori politik menyelidiki negara sebagai lembaga yang mempengaruhi hidup masyarakat.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa ilmu pemerintahan menekankan pada tungsi output daripada mutu sistem politik, sedangkan ilmu politik menitikberatkan pada fungsi input. Dengan perkataan lain ilmu pemerintahan lebih mempelajari komponen politik sebagai suatu sistem politik, sedangkan ilmu politik mempelajari society dari suatu sistem politik. Kebijaksanaan pemerintahan ( public policy) dibuat dalam arena politik, tetapi hampir semua perencanaan dan pelaksanaannya diselenggarakan dalam arena birokrasi pemerintahan tersebut.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu negara bersifat statis dan deskriptif, karena hanya terbatas melukiskan lembaga-lembaga politik. Sedangkan ilmu pemerintahan itu dinamis, karena dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan situasi dan kondisi setempat. Oleh karena itu selain merupakan suatu disiplin ilmu pengetahuan yang berdiri sendiri, ilmu pemerintahan juga merupakan suatu seni memerintah, yang selain diperoleh melalui kegiatan belajar mengajar, juga karena dilahirkan berbakat.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat-syarat negara antara lain harus adanya wilayah, harus adanya pemerintah/pemerintahan, harus adanya penduduk dan harus adanya pengakuan dari dalam dan luar negeri. Adanya pemerintah yang sah dan diakui baik dari dalam dan luar negeri berarti pemerintah tersebut mempunyai wewenang untuk memerintah secara legitimasi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu pemerintahan adalah suatu disiplin ilmu pengetahuan yang berdiri sendiri, namun sangat dekat hubungannya dengan administrasi negara,karena memiliki obyek materia yang sama yaitu negara itu sendiri.Adapun yang membedakan ilmu pemerintahan dengan administrasi negara adalah pada pendekatan ( technical approach)nya masing-masing yaitu ilmu pemerintahan cenderung lebih melaksanakan pendekatan legalistik, empirik dan formalistik, sedangkan administrasi negara cenderung lebih melaksanakan pendekatan ekologikal, organisasional dan struktural.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang membedakan ilmu pemerintahan dengan hukum tata negara adalah sudut pandangnya masing-masing, yaitu bila ilmu pemerintahan cenderung lebih mengkaji hubungan-hubungan pemerintah dalam arti perhatian utama adalah pada gejala yang timbul pada peristiwa pemerintah itu sendiri. Sedangkan hukum tata negara cenderung mengkaji hukum serta peraturan yang telah ditegakkan dalam hubungan tersebut.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hubungan Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Ilmu-Ilmu Non-Kenegaraan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu hukum adalah pengetahuan mengenai masalah yang bersifat ilmiah tentang asas-asas surgawi dan manusiawi, pengetahuan yang benar dan yang tidak benar (Ulpian). Ilmu hukum adalah ilmu yang formal tentang hukum positif (Holland). Ilmu hukum adalah sintesa ilmiah tentang asasasas yang pokok dari hukum (Allen). Ilmu hukum adalah penyelidikan oleh para ahli hukum tentang norma-norma, cita-cita dan teknik-teknik hukum dengan menggunakan pengetahuan yang diperoleh dari berbagai disiplin ilmu di luar hukum yang mutakhir (Stone). Ilmu hukum adalah pengetahuan tentang hukum dalam segala bentuk dan manifestasinya(Cross). Teori ilmu hukum menyangkut pemikiran mengenai hukum atas dasar yang paling luas (Dias).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi administrasi adalah pelaksanaan kebijaksanaan negara yang dijalankan oleh para aparat (pejabat) pemerintah, karena administrasi sebagai suatu hal yang harus berhubungan dengan penyelenggaraan dari kebijaksanaan-kebijaksanaan kehendak negara tersebut.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah adalah deskripsi kronologis dari peristiwa-peristiwa zaman yang lampau, karena itu ilmu sejarah merupakan perhimpunan kejadiankejadian konkrit di masa lalu. Bagi para ahli sejarah dalam menanggapi ilmu pemerintahan, melihat bahwa gejala-gejala dan peristiwa-peristiwa pemerintahan yang timbul dalam setiap hubungan pemerintahan penekanannya hanyalah pada fungsi dan pengorganisasian terutama dalam perjalanan ruang dan waktu yang senantiasa berubah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hubungan llmu Pemerintahan dengan ilmu ekonomi tampak sangat erat.Hal ini dapat dilihat dari munculannya merkantilisme sebagai aliran perekonomian yang bertujuan memperkuat negara dengan jalan mengkonsolidasi kekuatan dalam bidang perekonomian.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filsafat dapat diartikan sebagai suatu kecintaan kepada kebijaksanaan.Filsafat menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang terakhir, tidak dangkal dan dogmatis, melainkan kritis sehingga kita sadar akan kekaburan dan kekacauan pengertian sehari-hari.Substansi filsafat tidak berubah, tetapi dialah yang memberikan performance sesuatu itu. Sub komponennya yaitu kuantitas, kualitas, kedudukan, wujud, ruang, waktu, aksi, dan relasi.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Referensi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://wikipedia.com</span></div>fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7869970863269619203.post-54595276225319599952011-11-04T02:46:00.001-07:002011-11-04T02:46:25.953-07:00fredyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04430809875767405235noreply@blogger.com0